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bananas

(27,509 posts)
Wed Mar 9, 2016, 07:37 AM Mar 2016

Cryptography Pioneers Win Turing Award: Martin Hellman, Whitfield Diffie

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/02/technology/cryptography-pioneers-to-win-turing-award.html?_r=0

Cryptography Pioneers Win Turing Award

By JOHN MARKOFF
MARCH 1, 2016

SAN FRANCISCO — In 1970, a Stanford artificial intelligence researcher named John McCarthy returned from a conference in Bordeaux, France, where he had presented a paper on the possibility of a “Home Information Terminal.”

He predicted the terminal would be connected via the telephone network to a shared computer, which in turn would store files that would contain all books, magazines, newspapers, catalogs, airline schedules, public information and personal files.

Whitfield Diffie, then a young programmer at the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, read Mr. McCarthy’s paper and began to think about the question of what would take the place of an individual signature in a paperless world. Mr. Diffie would spend the next several years pursuing that challenge and in 1976, with Martin E. Hellman, an electrical engineer at Stanford, invented “public-key cryptography,” a technique that would two decades later make possible the commercial World Wide Web.

On Tuesday, the Association for Computing Machinery announced that the two men have won this year’s Turing Award. The award is frequently described as the Nobel Prize for the computing world and since 2014, it has included a $1 million cash award, after Google quadrupled its size.

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The privacy protection technology that is now used extensively to protect modern electronic communications is based on Mr. Diffie’s and Mr. Hellman’s original research that led to the creation of “public-key cryptography” technology.

<snip>

Mr. Diffie and Mr. Hellman have long been political activists. Mr. Hellman has focused on the threat that nuclear weapons pose to humanity, and he said in an interview he would use his share of the prize money to pursue work related to the nuclear threat. He said he also planned to write a new book with his wife on peace and sustainability.

Mr. Diffie, who has spent his career working on computer security at telecommunications firms and at the Silicon Valley pioneer Sun Microsystems, has been an outspoken advocate for the protection of personal privacy in the digital age.

He said in an interview that he plans to do more to document the history of the field he helped to create. “This will free me to spend more of my time on cryptographic history, which is urgent because the people are quickly dying off,” Mr. Diffie said.

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Cryptography Pioneers Win Turing Award: Martin Hellman, Whitfield Diffie (Original Post) bananas Mar 2016 OP
Stanford cryptography pioneers Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman win ACM 2015 A.M. Turing Award bananas Mar 2016 #1
CRYPTOGRAPHY PIONEERS RECEIVE ACM A.M. TURING AWARD bananas Mar 2016 #2

bananas

(27,509 posts)
1. Stanford cryptography pioneers Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman win ACM 2015 A.M. Turing Award
Wed Mar 9, 2016, 07:49 AM
Mar 2016
http://news.stanford.edu/news/2016/march/turing-hellman-diffie-030116.html

Stanford cryptography pioneers Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman win ACM 2015 A.M. Turing Award

The groundbreaking algorithm from Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman enabled a secure Internet and sparked a clash with the NSA that foreshadowed current privacy battles between government agencies and Silicon Valley companies.

By Steve Fyffe and Tom Abate
March 1, 2016

<snip>

Diffie and Hellman's 1976 paper, "New Directions in Cryptography," stunned the academic and intelligence communities by providing a blueprint for a revolutionary new technique that would allow people to communicate over an open channel, with no prearrangement, but keep their information secret from any potential eavesdroppers.

They called it public-key cryptography.

They also showed how, by reversing the order of operations, it was possible to create a "digital signature." Like a written signature, this has to be easy for the legitimate signer to create and for everyone else to verify. But it has to be difficult – preferably impossible – for anyone else to sign new messages. Unlike a written signature, which looks the same even if it's taken from a $1 check and forged onto a $1,000,000 check, a digital signature can only be used with the specific message that was signed.

<snip>

"Their 1976 invention is widely viewed as the birth of modern cryptography," said Dan Boneh, Stanford professor of computer science and electrical engineering and co-director of the Stanford Cyber Initiative.

"Simply put, without their work, the Internet could not have become what it is today," Boneh said. "Billions of people all over the planet use the Diffie-Hellman protocol on a daily basis to establish secure connections to their banks, e-commerce sites, e-mail servers, and the cloud."

Threat of jail time

It was a feat made even more impressive by the fact that little serious academic scholarship on cryptography existed at the time of their invention outside the realm of classified research conducted under the purview of secretive government agencies such as the National Security Agency. Hellman said academic colleagues had tried to discourage him from pursuing his interest in cryptography early in his career because of the NSA's virtual monopoly on the subject.

<snip>

These skirmishes became known as the first of the "crypto wars."

Ultimately, the NSA failed to limit the spread of their ideas, and public key cryptography became the backbone of modern Internet security.

<snip>

Diffie and Hellman said the U.S. government's recent demands that Silicon Valley companies build so-called back doors into their products so law enforcement and intelligence agencies could access encrypted messages reminded them of the first crypto war. As then, the government did not have a workable proposal for how to create those back doors without undermining the security of those products.

Diffie and Hellman both said they sided with Apple in the current legal standoff over the FBI's request that Apple provide access to an iPhone belonging to one of the San Bernardino terrorists by writing software to bypass some of its security features.

"All the computer security experts that I talk with – I don't think there's been one who believes that we should do what the government wants," Hellman said. "While in this one case it might not do much harm, it establishes a dangerous precedent where Apple is then likely to be inundated with thousands upon thousands of requests that they'll have to either fight or comply with at great risk to the security of the iPhone system."

<snip>

bananas

(27,509 posts)
2. CRYPTOGRAPHY PIONEERS RECEIVE ACM A.M. TURING AWARD
Wed Mar 9, 2016, 07:54 AM
Mar 2016
http://www.acm.org/awards/2015-turing

CRYPTOGRAPHY PIONEERS RECEIVE ACM A.M. TURING AWARD

Diffie and Hellman's Invention of Public-Key Cryptography and Digital Signatures Revolutionized Computer Security

ACM, the Association for Computing Machinery, today named Whitfield Diffie, former Chief Security Officer of Sun Microsystems and Martin E. Hellman, Professor Emeritus of Electrical Engineering at Stanford University, recipients of the 2015 ACM A.M. Turing Award for critical contributions to modern cryptography. The ability for two parties to use encryption to communicate privately over an otherwise insecure channel is fundamental for billions of people around the world. On a daily basis, individuals establish secure online connections with banks, e-commerce sites, email servers and the cloud. Diffie and Hellman's groundbreaking 1976 paper, "New Directions in Cryptography," introduced the ideas of public-key cryptography and digital signatures, which are the foundation for most regularly-used security protocols on the Internet today. The Diffie-Hellman Protocol protects daily Internet communications and trillions of dollars in financial transactions.

<snip>

"Today, the subject of encryption dominates the media, is viewed as a matter of national security, impacts government-private sector relations, and attracts billions of dollars in research and development," said ACM President Alexander L. Wolf. "In 1976, Diffie and Hellman imagined a future where people would regularly communicate through electronic networks and be vulnerable to having their communications stolen or altered. Now, after nearly 40 years, we see that their forecasts were remarkably prescient."

"Public-key cryptography is fundamental for our industry," said Andrei Broder, Google Distinguished Scientist. "The ability to protect private data rests on protocols for confirming an owner's identity and for ensuring the integrity and confidentiality of communications. These widely used protocols were made possible through the ideas and methods pioneered by Diffie and Hellman."

<snip>

Any user of the World Wide Web is likely to be familiar with the use of public-key cryptography to establish secure connections. A typical secure URL begins with "https," where the "s" means that the Secure Transport Layer protocol will be used to encrypt the communication. The secure connection is established using a combination of public-key cryptography to transport a key with symmetric cryptography that is used to encrypt subsequent communications.

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