Doctors Cure Man Of Diabetes

Doctors at King's College Hospital, London, have successfully cured a man of Type 1 diabetes by injecting pancreatic cells into his liver.

http://www.healthtalk.ca/diabetes_cure_031005_899333.php

and they can quit saying it's a useless organ.

Seems so obvious.:shrug:

Doesn't say how long he's been insulin free, but if this holds up it is a remarkable success

a transplant. The Edmonton protocol is being done here and in Canada. Its not routine, far from it. It also involves the risk of rejection and requires lots of drugs to stop that. The longest this proocedure has been effective is three years as far as I last heard.

One big problem is the shortage of donor pancreas. Only a few thousand(6000 I think) and the need is many times the available numbers of pancreas. Hence the need for embryonic stem cell research. They can create insulin producing cells from a diabetics own cells, and turn off the immune response to prevent antibodies from attacking the patients own beta cells, as that is what caused T1(diabetes1)in the first place.

Turning off the immune response can only be done with embryonic stem cells.

I have a friend who insists that stem cell research is a dead end. As a diabetic, I'm hoping she's wrong.

I have Type 2 Diabetes, which isn't as bad as Type 1. Could stem cell research help Type 2 in the future, too?

for the T2 diabetic. Adult stem cells will not work for type 1. I don't think it is a dead end for type 1. JDRF and Califronians who voted in support of the stem cell research here don't either. The man who spearheaded that campaign(Klein)here in Cali has a daughter with type 1 and was diagnosed within the past 5 years. Its clear he also believes there is hope for a cure here.

That procedure has been around since before 2000, and hundreds, maybe thousands have been cured (if cured means no longer needing to take insulin).

succumbs to autolysis at a more rapid rate than other tissues in the body.

Difficult to keep fresh.

Islet Transplantation Takes Another Step Forward

A study by JDRF-funded researchers at the University of Minnesota has found that a new islet transplantation protocol using islets from a single donor appears to be safe and effective, marking “a distinct advance in islet transplant efficiency.” The finding, published in the February 16 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association, represents a significant step forward as single donor islet transplantation moves from experimental treatment to routine clinical care.

“The ability to extract enough islets from a single pancreas helps increase the number of patients who can receive this therapy,” says Robert Goldstein, M.D., Chief Scientific Officer of JDRF. “We remain optimistic that this approach will be very meaningful for individuals with type 1 diabetes.”

The study was conducted as part of the JDRF Center for Islet Transplantation at the University of California-San Francisco/University of Minnesota. It was led by Bernhard Hering, M.D., associate director of the Center.

Since researchers began using the successful “Edmonton Protocol” in 1999, most islet transplants have needed two to four donor pancreases to produce enough islets for the recipient to become insulin independent. This was because some of the islets would become damaged or destroyed during the transplant or from toxic drugs given to the recipient to prevent rejection.

The Minnesota researchers modified the immune-suppressing protocol so that it had less toxicity, allowing the use of islets from just one pancreas. If their accomplishment can be reproduced at other transplant centers, far more people with severe type 1 diabetes would be able to receive an islet transplant

http://www.jdrf.org/index.cfm?page_id=103135




JDRF Announces Groundbreaking Approach to
Search For a Cure for Type 1 Diabetes
Research ‘Dream Team’ To Focus On Beta Cell Regeneration

NEW YORK, NY, March 2, 2005 – The Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF), the world’s leading charitable funder of research for type 1 diabetes and its complications, today announced that it has established an international team-based research program to develop innovative therapeutics to regenerate the pancreatic beta cells that are destroyed in people with type 1 diabetes.

According to Dr. Richard Insel, JDRF’s Executive Vice President for Research, JDRF has formed an international team of 16 scientists from 13 universities and medical centers from five countries to focus on a fast-track, cooperative approach to developing beta cell regeneration therapeutics. The scientists include experts in beta cell biology, developmental biology, regenerative medicine, cell biology, chemical biology, bioreactor based cell growth, and high throughput screens with molecular libraries. The combination of researchers representing multiple disciplines and located in numerous countries collaborating on common goals and outcomes is unique in the field of diabetes research.

“To speed the development of cure therapeutics, we have created a milestone-driven, team-based approach,” said Dr. Insel. “Our first goal is to identify regeneration drug targets and pathways that control beta cell regeneration. These JDRF-funded investigators will share their research results with the other team members and JDRF will assist the team in addressing challenges and gaps as they arise in the program. And as part of the dynamic aspect of the program, new investigators will be recruited and additional resources provided to stay as flexible as necessary to meet our important goals. We believe that this more pro-active, goal-driven managerial approach will help to accelerate our search for a cure.”

http://www.jdrf.org/index.cfm?page_id=103204

I found out at Christmas that I'm diabetic type 2. Fish/Chicken/Vegetables only - no carbs no - alcohol - no red meat (40% greater chance of heart attack/stroke) since then.

I was only about 20 pounds over weight and it has taken until last week to get it under control. Maybe that is because the production of Avandamet (the drug I've been taking) was seized at gunpoint last week by the FDA because of quality control issues for 2003/04. This isn't my lifestyle and it is the silent killer! :)

I'm ready for the cure ASAP!

This cured/alleviated Type I diabetes, also euphamistically known as child-onset diabetes.

Type II, although an insulin disorder, is a different disease -- even when it progresses to the point that daily insulin has to be injected.

response to insulin release is the mechanism of the disease that leads to hyperglycemia. Increase in abdominal fat, versus subcutaneous (fat of the buttocks), has a high association with onset of Type II Diabetes.

Significant lifestyle changes made early in diagnosis can potentially put the disease into remission where loss of weight, especially abdominal fat, is a must.

The relationship between diabetes type two and abdominal fat might have to do with the close proximity of blood supply from the fat of the belly to the liver. The more fat tissue that is there, the more it has an effect on your liver's output of glucose, thus affecting the pancreas's output of insulin.

as he has type 1. But how often should the type 2 check their BG?

the following article is from a website called "Uptodate" an online resource healthcare professions often use to stay current and this is what they have to say about monitoring blood glucose. If you send me your e-mail over the private messaging system, I can also have it e-mailed to you from the site as well (the site is a subscription only site that I get access to from my med school's dorm computers).

I hope that the following information is useful to you. The specific information that you are looking for is under the heading "self-monitoring of blood glucose"

Blood glucose monitoring in management of diabetes mellitus

David K McCulloch, MD

UpToDate performs a continuous review of over 330 journals and other resources. Updates are added as important new information is published. The literature review for version 13.1 is current through December 2004; this topic was last changed on October 27, 2004. The next version of UpToDate (13.2) will be released in June 2005.

INTRODUCTION — Most patients with diabetes mellitus who use glucose lowering medications (especially insulin) and want to maintain good glycemic control need to measure their blood glucose concentrations often. This requires intermittent capillary blood sampling and the use of a glucose meter. In addition to self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), periodic measurement of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) permits estimation of chronic glycemic control. Several practical points about blood glucose monitoring will be reviewed here, including the accuracy of glucose meters and glucose sticks, the accuracy of the operator, and how to use the information that is obtained. The use of HbA1c measurements to estimate mean blood glucose is reviewed elsewhere. (See "Estimation of blood glucose control in diabetes mellitus").

SELF-MONITORING OF BLOOD GLUCOSE (SMBG) — The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends that patients with type 1 diabetes monitor blood glucose at least three times daily, and patients with type 2 diabetes who are treated with insulin or oral hypoglycemic drugs monitor blood glucose daily <1,2>. Self-monitoring of blood glucose is especially important for glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes, because their blood glucose concentrations are less stable from day to day than are those in patients with type 2 diabetes.

In type 2 diabetes, the fasting blood glucose concentration is often used to monitor progress since it correlates well with HbA1c values <3,4>, although some authors have argued that nonfasting blood glucose measurements are a better marker of glycemic control than fasting values <4>. In practice, the actual frequency of monitoring is individualized. In some patients, testing before and at intervals after meals and occasionally during the night provides useful additional information.

The effectiveness of SMBG in terms of improving glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes is less clear than for type 1 diabetes <5,6>:

Data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) reported no correlation between the frequency of monitoring in patients with type 2 diabetes and their HbA1c values <7>.

In contrast, a cohort study of 24,312 patients with diabetes who were members of a group model health maintenance organization found that more frequent self-monitoring of blood glucose was associated with improved glycemic control regardless of diabetes type <8>. For patients with type 2 diabetes, adherence to ADA monitoring guidelines resulted in an improvement in HbA1c of approximately 0.6 percent compared with nonadherent patients.

Although randomized trials of SMBG in type 2 diabetes have been conducted, none have conclusively demonstrated a benefit <9>.


Monitoring blood glucose is a tool, not a therapeutic intervention. It provides important information with which motivated patients can modify their behavior and improve their HbA1c values safely. Fasting blood glucose concentrations are fairly stable in patients with type 2 diabetes, but can vary by about 15 percent from day to day, and therefore changes in therapy should be based on an average over several days <10>.

URINE TESTING — Although measuring urine glucose may be much easier than measuring blood glucose, it has potential errors that limit its accuracy as a reflection of glycemic control and is rarely used <11>.

Testing for ketonuria — Measurement of urinary ketones is less subject to error because any positive value suggests the presence of ketonemia. The urine should be tested for ketones if the blood glucose concentration is above 240 mg/dL (13.3 mmol/L), during periods of illness or stress, or if there are symptoms compatible with ketoacidosis such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain <11>.

SOURCES OF ERROR

Blood glucose meters — In response to complaints by consumers about the performance of some blood glucose meters, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) performed a series of studies to evaluate the accuracy of many of the available meters <12>. Their conclusion was that most glucose meters are reasonably accurate, and require only a small drop of blood. Even with newer meters, however, accuracy during episodes of hypoglycemia may be less than optimal <13,14>.

In the past, glucose meters reported whole blood glucose values, which made it difficult to compare finger stick results with results from a laboratory, which are always plasma. However, the majority of available glucose meters now provide plasma rather than whole blood glucose values (by providing direct plasma readings or by multiplying the whole blood value by 1.12). Thus, results from most available glucose meters and commercial laboratories should now be comparable.

Several blood glucose meters are now available that use sites other than the finger to obtain blood samples in an effort to reduce the discomfort involved with fingersticks. A study of one of these devices that obtains samples from the arm found that it provided accurate results and was less painful than fingerstick testing <15>. Monitoring from alternate sites, such as the skin of the forearm, may give results which are somewhat lower than those taken at the fingertips, since they may sample venous blood rather than capillary blood. While this should not be a problem if the patient uses one or other site exclusively, the between-test variability will increase if multiple sites are used. In addition, during times when the blood glucose concentration is either rising rapidly (such as immediately after a meal) or falling rapidly (in response to rapidly acting insulin or exercise) then blood glucose results from alternate sites give significantly delayed results compared with fingerstick readings <16,17>.

Glucose strips — Some glucose strips have considerable batch to batch variation, and require recalibration to a meter every time a new batch is used. Many strips are packaged in groups of 25 inside a can containing a preservative. Common errors include leaving the lid off for long periods of time and putting several lots of strips into one can for convenience. Strips that are individually wrapped are more reliable, but more expensive.

Operator — We recommend use of one of the newer glucose meters in which the patient adds a drop of blood to a strip already inserted into the meter. Patients who are motivated and test often usually get much more reliable results than those who are less interested or who test less often (such as hospital-based nursing staff or non-expert physicians) <18,19>.

We also recommend the following steps to increase the accuracy of glucose monitoring:

The glucose meter and strips should be brought in for clinic visits. The patient's method of testing should be observed periodically and any technical mistakes corrected.

The results obtained with the glucose meter should be checked against meters of known accuracy or with a laboratory reference standard every few months.


CONTINUOUS GLUCOSE MONITORING — The current methods of SMBG are invasive, uncomfortable, and only allow periodic measurements. Several companies are developing an automatic approach that could significantly improve the quality of life of diabetic patients.

GlucoWatch — One such noninvasive device, the GlucoWatch G2 Biographer (Cygnus, Redwood City, CA), has received approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for both adults and adolescents <20>. It is worn as a band around the arm and extracts interstitial fluid through the skin using an applied potential (iontophoresis), measuring the glucose in the extracted sample with an electrochemical enzymatic sensor.

The most recent blood glucose is displayed on the "watch" along with an arrow that indicates if this reading is higher or lower than the last one. The patient can set glucose concentrations above and below which the device will sound an alarm. It will also sound an alarm if the rate of fall of blood glucose is rapid.

In two comparative studies of the GlucoWatch device and the HemoCue blood glucose analyzer in a total of 120 patients with diabetes, there was close agreement between the readings with both methods <21,22>, and in one of the studies <22> there was also close agreement between readings using the device and those using a glucose meter at home. There was an 18 minute delay between the GlucoWatch and blood glucose readings. These preliminary results are promising, but further refinement and simplification of the device are needed. Just as with alternate-site blood glucose testing, measurements with the Glucowatch are lower or higher, respectively, than fingerstick values when blood glucose concentrations are rapidly rising or falling.

There are concerns about the ability of glucose sensors to reliably detect hypoglycemia. In a study of 91 children and adolescents who simultaneously wore two Glucowatch devices during a twenty-four hour stay in a clinical research center, the median absolute difference between the glucose pairs was 26 mg/dL (1.4 mmol/L) with only 31 percent of the values falling within 15 mg/dL (0.9 mmol/L) of the reference glucose <23>. The sensitivity of the Glucowatch Biographer to detect hypoglycemia when the alarm was set to 60 mg/dL (3.3 mmol/L) was only 23 percent, with a false alarm rate of 51 percent. In its present stage of development this device does not reliably detect hypoglycemia, which significantly impairs its clinical usefulness.

Iontophoresis causes mild skin irritation and can cause pain. Another potential drawback to the device is the need to replace the sensor gels every twelve hours. Each time the gels are replaced the plate must be moved to a different place on the arm (which may need to be shaved), and a blood glucose measurement is required every twelve hours to calibrate the device.

Continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) — Another device that can monitor interstitial-fluid glucose concentrations for up to three days has been approved by the FDA (Continuous Glucose Monitoring System, or CGMS, from Medtronic Minimed, Northridge, CA). A needle sensor containing a glucose oxidase enzyme system is placed subcutaneously and attached by a wire to a recording device (about the size of an insulin pump or pager) that records the blood glucose concentration every 15 minutes. In the current version of this system, the patient receives no information while wearing the device. Results can be determined in a physician's office and graphed, providing useful information about the extent of within-day and between-day variations in blood glucose and the frequency of unrecognized hypoglycemia <24>.

When compared with venous plasma glucose values the interstitial fluid glucose sensor yields lower values when blood glucose concentrations are rapidly rising <24>. Also, the reproducibility of results has been called into question. When 11 adults (6 type 1 diabetic patients, 3 type 2 diabetic patients, and 2 normal subjects) wore two interstitial fluid glucose sensors simultaneously differences between the two readings were over 10 percent in 70 percent of the measurements and over 50 percent in 7 percent of the measurements <25>. These studies emphasize that continuous glucose sensing devices should not be relied upon exclusively to give diabetic patients information about their blood glucose concentrations. Patients should continue to do several fingerstick tests every day to verify that the sensor readings are accurate.

The CGMS may also be be inadequate for reliably detecting hypoglycemia in children. In the a study described above <23> where 91 children and adolescents also wore one or two CGMSs, the absolute median difference between over 400 paired blood glucose values was 19 mg/dL (1.0 mmol/L), with 42 percent of values falling within 15 mg/dL (0.9 mmol/L) of the reference glucose <23>. Although modifications to the CGMS device were made during this study it was still relatively insensitive and unreliable at detecting hypoglycemia, which significantly impairs its clinical usefulness.

Future versions of this device should provide information to the patient while wearing it, similar to the GlucoWatch. In addition, it is hoped to connect the information from the glucose sensor to an insulin pump so that the changes in the rate of insulin delivery could be linked automatically to changes in blood glucose concentrations.

Implantable subcutaneous glucose sensors — A device the size of a AA battery (DexCom, San Diego, CA) can be implanted in the subcutaneous fat of the abdomen (although this device is not available or approved by the US Food and Drug Administration). The device measures glucose levels every five minutes and sends the data via wireless radio transmitter to an externally worn pager-sized receiver device.
Glucose readings are displayed in real time every five minutes and as 1-, 3-, or 9-hour trend graphs. The receiver device also provides vibratory and auditory alerts/alarms when the glucose levels are high or low.

Preliminary data on 15 adults with type 1 diabetes showed that after 50 to 90 days of continuous use, 96 percent of the sensor glucose results fell within the A and B regions of the Clarke error grid (an analysis which describes the clinical accuracy of SMBG systems over the entire range of blood glucose values, taking into account 1) the absolute value of the system-generated glucose, 2) the absolute value of the reference blood glucose, 3) the relative difference between these two values, and 4) the clinical significance of this difference <26,27>. When subjects were allowed to see and use these data to guide their therapeutic decisions they were able to maintain significantly fewer episodes of hypo- and hyperglycemia. While further larger scale clinical trials are needed with this type of device, these data suggest great clinical potential for continuous implantable glucose monitoring systems.

USING THE INFORMATION — Blood glucose should be measured four to seven times daily by patients with type 1 diabetes attempting to achieve strict glycemic control: before breakfast, lunch, dinner, and bedtime, and occasionally after meals or during the night if nocturnal hypoglycemia is suspected. At a minimum, monitoring should be used to avoid and/or help treat potentially dangerous hypoglycemia. (See "Cases illustrating problems with intensive insulin therapy for diabetes mellitus", section on Morning hyperglycemia).

However, this regimen will be effective only if the patient is able to use the information to make appropriate dietary or therapeutic adjustments. As an example, patterns of glycemic control can be most easily identified if the blood glucose values are entered in columns, corresponding to times of the day, and the relation to both food intake and exercise noted. (See "Cases illustrating problems with intensive insulin therapy for diabetes mellitus", section on Variable glycemic control).

Many meters now include a memory function and can be downloaded onto computers to display the results. However, unless results are reviewed on a frequent basis to detect and address blood glucose patterns, self-monitoring will not fulfill its purpose. Relying on the automatic data storage of the meters, without regularly reviewing the results, may detract from the clinical utility of monitoring.

Optimal use of the data obtained is best done in two stages:

Pattern identification — Patterns, as opposed to intermittent problems, are best identified if there is a relatively large number of measurements. Thus, blood glucose values should be recorded four to seven times daily for several days before the therapeutic regimen is changed.

Insulin algorithms — Once a basic regimen of eating, exercise, and insulin dosing has been established, there will still be a day-to-day variability in blood glucose values due, among other factors, to the vagaries of insulin and food absorption. (See "Insulin therapy in type 1 diabetes mellitus"). This can be effectively treated by an insulin algorithm in which the before-meal dose of short-acting insulin is adjusted according to the blood glucose value. The adjustments should be small in patients who are very sensitive to insulin or who are taking low doses of insulin (as with a continuous insulin pump). (See "Cases illustrating problems with intensive insulin therapy for diabetes mellitus", sections on Insulin algorithm, Late afternoon hypoglycemia, and Late morning hyperglycemia).


In patients with type 2 diabetes, blood glucose is usually measured less often than in patients with type 1 diabetes, but the need varies, depending upon the stage of the disease, the targets being set, and the treatments being used. (See "Case illustrating blood glucose monitoring in type 2 diabetes").

With a well-educated and motivated patient, therapeutic advice can often be given over the telephone or even via fax or e-mail. It is important not to recommend many changes at the same time. Having made a change, it is usually best to wait several days until the effect of that change can be assessed from further blood glucose measurements.

Patients with special needs — Visually impaired patients may have difficulty using glucose meters; with help this problem can be overcome with "talking meters" or large-screen meters. Patients or providers may contact:

American Association of Diabetes Educators (AADE)
444 N. Michigan Ave., Suite 1240
Chicago, IL 60611-3901
Tel: 1-800-338-3633



Use of UpToDate is subject to the Subscription and License Agreement.

REFERENCES
1. Goldstein, DE, Little, RR, Lorenz, RA, et al. Tests of glycemia in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004; 27 Suppl 1:S91.
2. Goldstein, DE, Little, RR, Lorenz, RA, et al. Tests of glycemia in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004; 27:1761.
3. Howe-Davies, S, Simpson, RW, Turner, RC. Control of maturity-onset diabetes by monitoring fasting blood glucose and body weight. Diabetes Care 1980; 3:607.
4. Avignon, A, Radauceanu, A, Monnier, L. Nonfasting plasma glucose is a better marker of diabetic control than fasting plasma glucose in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1997; 20:1822.
5. Faas, A, Schellevis, FG, van Eijk, JT. The efficacy of self-monitoring of blood glucose in NIDDM subjects. Diabetes Care 1997; 20:1482.
6. Oki, JC, Flora, DL. Isley, WL. Frequency and impact of SMBG on glycemic control in patients with NIDDM in an urban teaching hospital clinic. Diabetes Educ 1997; 23:419.
7. Harris, MI. Frequency of blood glucose monitoring in relation to glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2001; 24:979.
8. Karter, AJ, Ackerson, LM, Darbinian, JA, et al. Self-monitoring of blood glucose levels and glycemic control: the Northern California Kaiser Permanente Diabetes registry. Am J Med 2001; 111:1.
9. Coster, S, Gulliford, MC, Seed, PT, et al. Self-monitoring in Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. Diabet Med 2000; 17:755.
10. Ollerton, RL, Playle, R, Ahmed, K, et al. Day-to-day variability of fasting plasma glucose in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic subjects. Diabetes Care 1999; 22:394.
11. American Diabetes Association. Urine glucose and ketone determinations. Diabetes Care 1995; 18 Suppl 1:20.
12. Proposed strategies for reducing user error in capillary blood glucose monitoring. The National Steering Committee for Quality Assurance in Capillary Blood Glucose Monitoring. Diabetes Care 1993; 16:493.
13. Trajanoski, Z, Brunner, GA, Gferer, RJ, et al. Accuracy of home blood glucose meters during hypoglycemia. Diabetes Care 1996; 19:1412.
14. Brunner, GA, Ellmerer, M, Sendlhofer, G, et al. Validation of home blood glucose meters with respect to clinical and analytical approaches. Diabetes Care 1998; 21:585.
15. Fineberg, SE, Bergenstal, RM, Bernstein, RM, et al. Use of an automated device for alternative site blood glucose monitoring. Diabetes Care 2001; 24:1217.
16. Ellison, JM, Stegmann, JM, Colner, SL, et al. Rapid changes in postprandial blood glucose produce concentration differences at finger, forearm, and thigh sampling sites. Diabetes Care 2002; 25:961.
17. Jungheim, K, Koschinsky, T. Glucose monitoring at the arm: risky delays of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia detection. Diabetes Care 2002; 25:956.
18. Most, RS, Gross, AM, Davidson, PC. Richardson, P. The accuracy of glucose monitoring by diabetic individuals in their home setting. Diabetes Educ 1986; 12:24.
19. Amatruda, JM, Vallone, BB, Schuster, T. Mooney, RA. Importance of periodic re-education of hospital-based nurses in capillary blood glucose monitoring and an evaluation of the usefulness of reflectance meters. Diabetes Educ 1989; 15:435.
20. Crawford, LM Jr. From the Food and Drug Administration. JAMA 2002; 288:1579.
21. Tamada, JA, Garg, S, Jovanovic, L, et al. Noninvasive glucose monitoring: comprehensive clinical results. Cygnus Research Team. JAMA 1999; 282:1839.
22. Garg, SK, Potts, RO, Ackerman, NR, et al. Correlation of fingerstick blood glucose measurements with GlucoWatch biographer glucose results in young subjects with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1999; 22:1708.
23. Accuracy of the GlucoWatch G2 Biographer and the continuous glucose monitoring system during hypoglycemia: experience of the Diabetes Research in Children Network. Diabetes Care 2004; 27:722.
24. Monsod, TP, Flanagan, DE, Rife, F, Saenz, R. Do sensor glucose levels accurately predict plasma glucose concentrations during hypoglycemia and hyperinsulinemia?. Diabetes Care 2002; 25:889.
25. Metzger, M, Leibowitz, G, Wainstein, J, et al. Reproducibility of glucose measurements using the glucose sensor. Diabetes Care 2002; 25:1185.
26. Garg, SK, Schwartz, S, Edelman, SV. Improved glucose excursions using an implantable real-time continuous glucose sensor in adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004; 27:734.
27. Clarke, WL, Cox, D, Gonder-Frederick, LA, et al. Evaluating clinical accuracy of systems for self-monitoring of blood glucose. Diabetes Care 1987; 10:622.

and got some pretty remarkable results.

Time released Lipoic Acid.

Pancreatic enzymes.

GTF Chromium.

40 to 60 grams of fiber a day.

www.Lipoic.com

www.Diabetea.com

"Increase in abdominal fat, versus subcutaneous (fat of the buttocks), has a high association with onset of Type II Diabetes."


I love it!

its better to be a pear than an apple, at least with regard to your pancreas.

And as I mentioned before, they think abdominal fat is worse for you because of how close its blood supply is to your liver, thus influencing your liver's management of glucose, and inevitably your pancreas's output of insulin.

People with severe type 2 diabetes can eventually exhaust the insulin producing, or Beta cells, in their pancreas and have to be immediately put on insulin.

Insulin, among improving glucose uptake, also stimulates weightgain which only makes lifestyle changes harder. So if you've been recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, real lifestyle changes should be made immediately so as to avoid that fate.

been invented for it. Insulin by the way was discovered in 1921, prior to that these people died shortly after onset. They were also put in mental institutions because they were thought to be mentally ill. They had high blood glucose levels affecting their mind.

Type 2 can go undetected for many years. People have it for 10 to 15 years before it becomes a problem they notice enough to seek treatment for. By then they have developing neuropathy and other associated complications. It is associated with weight. Children with type 1 are often underweight at diagnosis having burned ketone's(fat) in lieu of glucose due to the absence of insulin to unlock the cells, thus allowing glucose in to be used for energy(ATP). The type 2 diabetic can loose weight and eventually can reverse the diagnosis, the type one cannot.
The type 2 can use diet exercises oral meds to control and improve their health. They can eventually if control is poor end up on insulin. The type 1 will always count carbs, weigh food, take insulin, exercise in order to live a healthier life and still will have the disease with associated risks.

edit for bad typing.

risks.

www.Lipoic.com

to check these links... and several in my sig.

www.Lipoic.com

www.Diabetea.com

because a regular pancreas transplant also cures Type I, and they have been doing those for years.

a better student I would have probably noticed my professor talking about this during lecture, but I was probably sound asleep then, But here you go.

ISLET TRANSPLANTATION — The less invasive procedure of islet transplantation in humans with diabetes is hoped to be safer and much less costly than pancreas transplantation <57,58>. Much effort and enthusiasm have been expended to establish techniques to maximize the yield and quality of islets isolated from various sources. This has resulted in improved techniques for organ procurement and standardization of methods for islet isolation.

Typically, 500,000 or more islets isolated from cadaver pancreases are injected via a percutaneous catheter that is introduced into the liver and advanced retrograde to the portal vein of the recipient (i.e., islet cell allografts). In the past, the islets usually failed, although there were a few notable instances of prolonged success <59>. The 1990 to 1995 data from the International Islet Transplant Registry indicated that only 6 percent of patients with type 1 diabetes who received islets remained normoglycemic without exogenous insulin for one year or more, and a few more had endogenous C-peptide production <60>.

Activation of coagulation, which can result in intraportal thrombosis, has been implicated as a cause of failure of islet transplantion. In vitro, blockade of tissue factor activity of islet cells with monoclonal antibodies prevents these hemostatic changes <61>.

In contrast to most early studies of transplantation of islet allografts in diabetic patients, islet autograft transplantation has been remarkably successful in nondiabetic patients with chronic painful pancreatitis <60,62>. An important difference between autografts and allografts is that immunosuppressive drugs, which can impair islet function, are essential for allograft recipients, but are not required for non-diabetic autograft recipients.

In patients undergoing autograft transplantation, a total pancreatectomy (for abdominal pain) is performed; islets are crudely separated from their pancreases in a few hours and then infused into their portal veins. Many of these patients have had normoglycemia and normal serum insulin responses to oral and intravenous glucose and intravenous arginine for up to 13 years after transplantation <63,64>. In one series, 10 of 14 patients receiving more than 300,000 islets were insulin-independent two years after transplantation <65>.

Since 2000, development of more effective and less toxic immunosuppressive drug regimens and improved harvesting techniques have significantly increased the success rate of islet transplantation. In a report from the University of Alberta in Edmonton, seven type 1 diabetic patients were transplanted with approximately 800,000 islet cells and maintained on sirolimus, tacrolimus, and daclizumab; all had normal HbA1c values without exogenous insulin approximately one year after the procedure <66>. On average, two separate procedures were required with infusion of islets one month apart.

As the trial was not randomized or controlled, it is unclear whether this impressive outcome was due to the harvesting of islet cells of high quality, the use of a modified immunosuppressive regimen, or some combination of these measures <67>. An update of this series reported that 12 of the first 15 patients continued to have C-peptide secretion in response to glucose at an average of one year post-transplant, but three patients required drugs to control glycemia and five had impaired glucose tolerance <68>.

The largest series reported to date is from the Collaborative Islet Transplant Registry, in which 86 patients with type 1 diabetes underwent islet tranplantation between 1999 and 2003 at one of 12 centers in the United States and Canada <69>, (including the center described above) <66>. Twenty-eight patients received one islet infusion, while 44 and 14 received two and three infusions, respectively. Most subjects received the immunosuppressive regimen described above. At six and 12 months after transplantation, 61 and 58 percent of subjects, respectively, remained insulin independent, However, 45 serious adverse events occurred, 12 of which were classified as life-threatening (due to the transplant procedure itself or immunosuppressive drugs). Thus, although success rates for allograft transplantation have improved, there are still significant risks associated with the procedure.

There are several drawbacks to using the liver as a site for islet infusion <57>:

Intrahepatic islet transplant grafts are able to secrete glucagon in response to arginine, but not in response to sustained hypoglycemia <70,71>.

Hepatic bleeding may occur due to the procedure.

Intrahepatic islets are exposed to environmental toxins and high immunosuppressive drug concentrations which can impair beta cell function.

lslets for intrahepatic infusion must be purified to avoid injecting a large tissue volume into the liver (which may result in obstruction of portal flow and portal hypertension). However, roughly 50 percent of the islet mass is lost during the purification process, requiring procurement of a second organ and another islet infusion.


Alternate sites, such as the omentum or peritoneal cavity, are being considered to avoid some of these issues.

Experimental techniques — Another method of introducing functioning islet cells being studied in animals is to generate islet cells from islet-producing stem cells <72>. In diabetic mice, implantation of islet cells generated from stem cells in vitro reversed the diabetes, and the islets were tolerated by the mice. However, this approach has not been successful in other investigators' hands and has not been shown to be successful in primates. This area of basic research also focuses on the use of human beta cell lines and encapsulated pig islets, among others.

http://www.lef.org/protocols/prtcl-042.shtml

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15363656


1: Life Sci. 2004 Oct 8;75(21):2505-13. Related Articles, Links

Antidiabetic effect of Pycnogenol French maritime pine bark extract in patients with diabetes type II.

Liu X, Wei J, Tan F, Zhou S, Wurthwein G, Rohdewald P.

Guang An Men Hospital of Chinese Medical Science Research Institute, Beijing, PR China.


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14988316
1: Diabetes Care. 2004 Mar;27(3):839. Related Articles, Links

French maritime pine bark extract Pycnogenol dose-dependently lowers glucose in type 2 diabetic patients.

Liu X, Zhou HJ, Rohdewald P.

Publication Types:

* Clinical Trial
* Controlled Clinical Trial
* Letter


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11351356
1: Phytother Res. 2001 May;15(3):219-23. Related Articles, Links

Treatment of vascular retinopathies with Pycnogenol.

Spadea L, Balestrazzi E.
Dipartimento di Discipline Chirurgiche, Cattedra di Clinica Oculistica, Facolta di Medicina e Chirurgia, Via Vetoio, Coppito 2, L'Aquila, Italy.
>>The mechanism of action of Pycnogenol may be related to its free radical (FR) scavenging, anti-inflammatory and capillary protective activities. It has been suggested that Pycnogenol may bind to the blood vessel wall proteins and mucopolysaccharides and produce a capillary 'sealing' effect, leading to a reduced capillary permeability and oedema formation. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.<<

Let's see how quickly this Dr. gets called a quack.

Type 1 diabetes just SUCKS! Mr. CornField lives with it.

...until they change to the western diet, complete with vegetable oils and sugar. Corn and soy oils have been shown to cause diabetes within a couple days in volunteer medical students, which was reversed again when they stopped.

Coconut oil gives the cells the energy they crave with less demand for the enzymes to help them. Corn and soy oil are in everything, from potato chips to fried chicken to Saltine crackers and all cakes and cookies, even ice creams.

I have nothing to sell--coconut oil has been a miracle for me is all. I wish the same for you.

http://www.coconut-connections.com/diabetes.htm

i hear that heals so well that there is no need for this science and medicine....

:eyes: