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In the "Good Old Days", Schools started the Tuesday after Labor Day, and ended sometime in June. Prior to the insitution of the 180 day school year (about 1900) you had even later school starts (For example New England schools did not start till after Thanksgiving, but I am talking about pre-1900s here).
With the adoption of 180 Mandatory School years, Schools started on the Tuesday after Labor Day (August was to hot) and ended about June 1st (In Pennsylvania and Maryland the first date to safety plant corn i.e. guaranteed date of no frost for at least three months). Urban Schools tended to go later. For Example the City of Pittsburgh Schools did not (and do not) end till about June 15th. This was the "norm" by the 1920s.
Now certain Holidays were observed. At first this was limited to Thanksgiving, and the day after Thanksgiving, Christmas and Easter Week. IT was later expanded to include Columbus Day, Veteran's Day, George Washington's Birthday and Memorial Day. Snow days extended the schools years (School Strikes would NOT be a factor till the 1960s).
The problem became how to fit 180 days between Labor Day AND Memorial day? Snow days were an additional problem. The first big problem was that High School Students wanted to work during the summer, but found most jobs filled by students from schools the left out earlier (Mostly Collage Students). To give their children and "Edge" on getting Summer Jobs, Schools started to let out students earlier and earlier. You saw a retreat from June 15th back to Memorial Day. Snow days complicated the factor with most schools using Easter Week as a safety net, i.e. if schools were canceled do to Snow, you lost a day of Easter Vacation.
As the pressure to leave the Student out earlier and earlier built up, Easter Vacation started to be eliminated so that the Students could get out earlier in the School Year and have an edge to get a Summer job. Other Holidays were eliminated (Columbus and George Washington's Birthday) for the same reason (Remember I am talking about 1950 America here Martin Luther King Day was not adopted till the 1970s a were the various Jewish Holiday). This pressure built up so that School Districts in the 1970s started to start schools in the end of August (and in the South this has extended to the beginning of August).
On top of this Collages were lobbied to change their Easter Break to a Spring Break (i.e. move it from the week after Easter to the second week of March by Florida Motel interests starting in the 1950s). This extended to Some High Schools (Who ether made the same switch or used the fact Collages had "eliminated" Easter Break to eliminate their own Easter break, but in such school it was rare for them to institute a spring break through some did).
The above is the pressure from the 1920s to the 1970s and you saw a movement to August Start of Schools, a Movement to May for the end of School (Through this appears to be mostly a Movement in the American South), elimination of Easter Break (and NO adoption of Spring Break) and a reluctance to take any Holiday off except Christmas and Thanksgiving.
On top of this was the observation that if 10% of a School Teachers or Students were gone, you had a major disruption in learning (This corresponds with studies in other fields, basically a 10% loss can destroy the ability of any organization to perform, the classic cases tend to be military units buy you see it is private enterprise). Thus in any school that over a number of years has a 10% absence rate on a particular day, it is better for the students and the Schools just to take that day off. Thus you see the acceptance of Martin Luther King Day in Schools with at least 10% black or Minority population, while Columbus Day and George Washington's Birthdays are still school days.
The same with the Jewish Holidays, as more and more students took those holiday off, it became more and more clear that the School were being harmed and the Schools would be better off taking those days off. In Areas with high Catholic or main line Protestant Churches, Easter Monday has a similar problem (and First Day of Deer Season in Rural America is another Example).
Thus you have a clash of two pushes, one to eliminate ALL holidays during the School Year, the other to expand the number of Holidays.
One last note, on going to year around schools to "Solve" the above problems. Year around school have been kicked around for decades and consistently failed. The problem is how do you integrate students coming from outside the school? In Collage it is simple, you stay at the Collage, but in Grade School and High School you go to the School controlled by the School District YOUR PARENTS ARE LIVING IN. If your Parents move, you switch schools. When people talk about year around schools they tend to ignore such students for the problem is how do you integrate them into your school? If everyone school year end just before Summer and starts around Labor Day, you just move the student o the next grade. If you are moving into a School District that has a different ending or beginning how do you get integrated i.e. be at the same level as your fellow students? The answer is you don't. Some sort of plan has to be adopted for such students, plans the schools do not have the time or money to implement, thus I do NOT foresee year around school anytime soon for this problem is the problem that has to be solved WITHOUT interfering with people's concept their High School Student should be able to get a summer job.
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