http://news.yahoo.com/s/ft/20061204/bs_ft/fto120420061412406960...
There are few better places to observe the extent of economic ties between North America and Europe than the top of a grain silo 12 storeys above Liverpool's docks. Below, on the quayside, a ship unloads wheat from Canada, while another brings US soya-beans. In a nearby terminal that handles some 30 per cent of the UK's containers on the North Atlantic route, cargo speeds on and off vessels waiting for the next high tide.
In 2001, the US recession led to falling trade volumes between Britain and the US, says Frank Robotham, group marketing director of Peel ports group, the owners of Liverpool's docks. Yet he is not worried about the effect of a slowdown. "We're not pulling our hair out," he adds.
Europe's policymakers are similarly relaxed. Joaquin Almunia, the
European Union's monetary affairs commissioner, said last month: "So far our estimate for the net impact of the US slowdown on the European economy is not very important because our growth is mainly based on internal demand."
Look to the other side of Liverpool's Mersey River and you can understand Mr Robotham's confidence. There, in Birkenhead, is a giant pontoon handling traffic from Ireland, which today represents a bigger slice of business for the port than its North Atlantic trade.While container volumes on North Atlantic routes have doubled over the past 20 years, traffic to Ireland has risen sixfold.
Similar stories of diversification from US business are increasingly told in continental Europe. At weekends the narrow streets of baroque Heidelberg, on the Neckar River in southern Germany, bustle with tourists. Its castle on the hill and university buildings below are particular attractions.
US citizens comprise the largest share of foreigners. But what would happen if a US economic slowdown meant that suddenly fewer came? It is the sort of scenario for which Nils Kroesen, for 37 years managing director of the city's convention and visitors centre, has prepared.
After the first world oil shock in the early 1970s, he led an initiative to encourage Japanese visitors. "At that time we decided that we wanted to create additional markets alongside the US," he says. Now Heidelberg is seeing 40,000 overnight stays by Japanese visitors a year, with many taking advantage of wedding packages.
Japanese signs are obvious in tourist shops, but recent years have also seen significant growth in visitors from the Gulf States, China and India. Clubs to promote the city have been established recently in Delhi and Beijing. "The mix of nationalities on the demand side means we have few worries about visitor numbers," says Mr Kroesen. For Heidelberg, a US economic slowdown "is not a big risk".
Economists and European policymakers regard Liverpool's docks or Heidelberg's tourism as good examples of the new European economy: robust, diversified and able to sustain growth without a US motor. But anecdotes cannot supply conclusive proof of Europe's new resilience.
Sceptics, who have heard talk of recovery and strength in Europe's economies many times before only for it to have been exposed as an illusion, want to know what is different this time. In recent months, the debate has been fierce, with opinion among economists split roughly equally between optimism and pessimism.
The first point made by optimists such as Dirk Schumacher, economist at Goldman Sachs, is that economic cycles in the US and Europe are linked less than we might think. The 2001 downturn was rare in being synchronised globally: in the early 1990s, 1980s and mid-1970s, US recessions were not strongly correlated with Europe.
Mr Schumacher argues that the correlation between US and eurozone growth can vary,and that when there has been a strong correlation, it might have been because both regions were hit by a common shock, rather than any intrinsic link. That was true in 2001, he argues, when both Europe and the US were hit by an equity market collapse and the effects of September 11 2001. "What we have now is a US domestic-specific reason," he says.
Mervyn King, governor of the Bank of England, made a similar point at a recent press conference. "I know there's this phrase 'when the US sneezes the rest of us catch a cold', but I think we need something a bit more sophisticated to make that analysis now and it's got to take on board why the shocks occur," he said.
"In 2000, when we also had this debate, the original shock was a worldwide slowdown in the IT sector. What we're seeing now in the US is not a consequence of a worldwide slowdown - world growth has been and continues to be pretty strong - rather we'reseeing a slowdown in the US housing market."
The second reason for optimism is reduced dependence on trade with the US, cited last month by the
European Commission. Over the past five years the relative importance of the US as a destination for EU exports has declined and EU25 countries, on average, are dependent on the US for only 8 per cent of their exports of goods.
Third, the Commission points to the revival of domestic demand in Europe, and especially the revival of the German construction industry, which had acted as a drag on growth over much of the past decade. Corporate balance sheets were also in better shape compared with 2000-2001.
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