supermax prisons where prisoners spend their time in total isolation--designed to make them go insane.
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...Economic imperatives still dictate prison philosophy, and Pelican Bay inmates are frequently doubled up to save money. Family and friends are allowed to visit, but since the majority of Pelican Bay prisoners are from southern California, visits are infrequent—Pelican Bay sits near the Oregon border, as far from San Diego as Chicago is from New York. The Pelican Bay SHU houses prisoners who are not easily handled in the prison system, and those who are uncontrollable in the SHU stay in the SHU, often for years on end.
Dr. Stuart Grassian, a Harvard Medical School psychiatrist who was given access to SHU inmates to prepare for providing expert testimony in lawsuits against the California Department of Corrections, has concluded that the regimen in security housing units drives prisoners insane, and he estimates that one-third of all SHU inmates are psychotic. He writes of what he calls "the SHU syndrome," the symptoms of which include self-mutilation and throwing excrement.
Dr. Terry Kupers, a psychiatrist who has interviewed supermax inmates, writes that a majority of inmates "talk about their inability to concentrate, their heightened anxiety, their intermittent disorientation and confusion, their experience of unreality, and their tendency to strike out at the nearest person when they reach their 'breaking point.' " Even those inmates who don't become psychotic experience many of these symptoms. Those least likely to become mentally ill in solitary confinement are prisoners who can read, because reading prevents the boredom that can lead to insanity. (The human psyche appears not to have changed since the days of Eastern State, when an inmate told Alexis de Tocqueville that reading the Bible was his "greatest consolation.") Because roughly 40 percent of U.S. prisoners are functionally illiterate, however, reading can provide solace and sanity to only a fraction of those behind bars.
Forty-one states have supermax units that resemble Pelican Bay. But while experts agree that long-term solitary confinement drives prisoners insane, there are no international luminaries flocking to see American prisons today. Even if they did, it's not clear what they would be permitted to learn. On their visits to America, Dickens and Tocqueville were encouraged to interview Eastern State prisoners in their cells. Today, a number of states bar members of the media from interviewing prisoners. Among them are California and Pennsylvania.
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http://www.legalaffairs.org/issues/January-February-2003/review_brook_janfeb2003.html>