http://members.aol.com/keninga/hugo.htmLESSONS LEARNED FROM DEVASTATING HURRICANE HUGO
Most of the 200,000 plus people affected by Hurricane Hugo were totally unprepared and many did not evacuate when given the warning.
For example a single parent in Goose Creek, South Carolina, who ran, with a child in her arms, from room to room as falling trees crushed different parts of her mobile home.
One "lucky" man in McClellanville had a persistent girlfriend who had begged him for three days to seek safety inland. He finally "gave in" and evacuated 15 minutes before the hurricane made landfall. When he returned, his home was gone and he was fortunate to be alive.
These victims did not realize the forces that nature can unleash. Before Hugo, a wind so strong that it would strip siding from a mobile home was beyond their comprehension.
Hugo's damage was more widespread than even the experts had anticipated. Rather than being localized as most hurricanes are, Hugo gained momentum at landfall and ripped a path of destruction several hundred wide miles from Charleston up to Charlotte. In some places, the force of the wind caused 80 percent of the trees to go down. Many homes collapsed under the impact of large falling trees. Numerous other houses were literally cut into slices by the onslaught. Streets and highways became obstacle courses of tangled trees and twisted power lines. The massiveness of the area covered and the magnitude of the storm's force intensified the logistical problems and delayed the recovery process. At first, transportation, emergency aid, electricity, and communications were generally nonexistent. The effect lasted for weeks in some places. One area north of Charleston had no power or telephones for four weeks.
MINIMUM SURVIVAL SKILLS
Survival skill was demonstrated sadly, in range going from those of the few who were only inconvenienced to those of the majority who did not know which way to turn. Some lost their lives because of either ignorance of survival principles or negligence based on the assumption "It will never happen to me."
It is interesting to note now, and it was appalling to observe then, that after Hugo made landfall, the majority of the victims were demanding that the "government--or someone--do something." The prevailing rationale was that the victims were not responsible for their own safety and welfare. Unfortunately, the magnitude of this disaster shut down an already cumbersome governmental support system upon which they were depending.
Some victims who had lanterns, cook stoves, and stored water did quite well and were able to share with neighbors. And some who were "prepared" before the hurricane lost all their possessions, including their outdoor equipment, and had to revert to primitive survival skills. Most of the victims had no survival knowledge to rely on; thus, completely helpless, they had to wait for assistance provided by others.
SHELTER
Due to loss of many homes, lodging in the storm area was scarce. Motels and apartments that had not been damaged were immediately rented, high rates notwithstanding. Initially, motel management was eager for new business due to reservation cancellations, but as the demand for housing rose, so did the rental fees. My motel room charge went from the initial $55.00 per night to $75.00 and finally peaked at $125.00. Many of the motels were totally booked by utility companies or civil authorities as a base of operations. Room rates climbed with the arrival of disaster support people, and the local population needing housing had to move out as few of them could afford the prices.
Local people along with out-of-town construction and rescue workers slept in vehicles or personal tents. Plastic sheets and tarps were at a premium. Victims spent many wet nights under sheets of plywood, and a dry blanket was hard to find.
As support operations began to improve over a two-week period, main arteries became passable, but side roads were a different story. As people tried to return to their homes, they met many frustrations. A man who lived one block off a main highway spent three hours with a chain saw to cut a path to reach his house. Many residents couldn't return to their homes for over two weeks due to bridge damage and/or clogged access routes. Delays in their reaching home made the losses even greater since possessions were, therefore, exposed to the elements and looting as long as the owners were away.
SHOCK AND DEPRESSION
After the winds died down and water levels dropped, those survivors who had not evacuated were in a state of shock. They were grateful to be alive but overwhelmed by the destruction. I recall one survivor who had wandered out of a mobile home park in Awendaw. He just kept saying, "Don't go in there. Don't go in there, it's all gone." Indeed, he was right--the whole park was gone. What wasn't washed away by the water surge was rolled and twisted into worthless junk.
Farther down the road, residents were in their yards beginning to clean up. Many exhibited disorientation. For example, I saw one victim repeatedly pick up a certain piece of rubble and carry it to a pile; then he would pick up the same piece and carry it to a second pile. I knew that soon the reality of the losses were to settle in, and major problems of depression would overtake most of the storm victims.
CASH
Cash was "king" when all the banks were closed. Since lack of electricity meant no electronic funds transfers or interior lighting for the banks, cash was the only method of purchasing in many areas. There was a surprising number of people who had goods to sell, and they did not accept credit cards or personal checks. For several weeks, victims could not even get their paychecks cashed.
TOOLS
Chain saws sold for as much as $1500.00. They and chain saw blades, oil, and files were in short supply. Unavailable were axes, hand tools, tree saws, and shovels, or basic carpentry and plumbing tools, and propane torches for water line repair. Nor could one get lumber such as 1X2's for holding down roof waterproofing materials. Due to the major roof damages, roofing nails and weatherproofing items such as tarps, roll roofing, and plastic sheets, were in greatest demand. A large portion of personal property loss occurred after the storm had passed due to interior exposure of the homes to the heavy rains. Such phenomenon is usually the case in a weather disaster, and additional damage to the structures and personal property continues with each successive rainstorm.
FIRST AID
After Hurricane Hugo, there was virtually no demonstration of local first aid knowledge except that provided by paramedics and the fire departments. Both these institutions were extremely overworked. Many residents experienced total helplessness in trying to deal with injured family members and neighbors.
WHAT DID AND DID NOT WORK
A local newspaper provided an effective summary of major human engineering incompetencies and frustrations experienced during Hurricane Hugo:
- Damaged bridges stopping traffic.
- Evacuation traffic bogging down .
- Help slow in getting to rural areas.
- Underestimated seriousness of potential damage.
- Heavy red tape; too many forms for federal aid.
- National media focus on main cities and ignoring of badly-hit outlying areas.
- Insurance construction estimates out of sync with contractors' estimates of damages.
- Elevation of construction repair prices by 400 percent and staying high for months.
- The dilemma of whether to pay outrageous prices of repair or lose all personal possessions due to rain damage and looting.
The following suggestions were made about how to prepare for "the next time":
- Move heavy equipment, in operational readiness, into isolated areas.
- Cut federal red tape.
- Arrange for emergency centers and operators and procedures in rural areas.
- Select aid shelters at least two stories tall and well above flood level.
- Before the storm, open all outbound lanes except one on I-26 for inbound traffic. After the storm, reverse the procedure.
- Focus national appeals on money, not goods.
- Provide maps showing where gas lines pose potential hazards.
- Announce alternate phone numbers outside the area for relaying messages.
- Establish a family meeting point to be used in cases of separation.
- Sleep fully clothed with shoes on in order to make quick escape if necessary.
- Park automobiles away from large trees.
- Stock canned food, baby needs, water, gasoline, and basic building materials and sheet plastic to protect them from later rain damage.
- Arrange for alternate transportation such as moped or bicycle.
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