The scene is in the Bois de Bologne. (Which is probably why I remember the painting. I enjoyed many afternoons in the Bois de Bologne.) The character dying is Pierrot(?) the Fool/Clown while the Harlequin looks on and the American Indian is leaving. (I can't remember the other two characters.) I also don't remember much more about the allegorical meaning, except it's based on French literature/arts. (I have an incomplete liberal arts education, I guess.) My ex-wife had her graduate degree in Comparative Literature (French/English) - and I think I might've learned about this painting from her. (I'm a bit of a knowledge/trivia leech, I guess - always sucking it out of friends/family/acquaintances. Any time I meet people at parties or other gatherings, I seem to home in on what someone's passionate/knowledgable about and probe them.)
I agree it's a very memorable painting. The composition and
mis en scene is, to me, very evocative. I don't recall seeing the original, only reproductions. I recall, however, an almost surreal use of color - moody and somber, yet beautiful.
On edit: Here's something I found online:
"The Duel after the Masquerade" by Jean-Leon Gerome is an all-time favorite from the Walters collection. It's a macabre and wrenching painting, alluring and stunning, but it's difficult to say exactly why. The painting depicts the outcome of a fencing duel the morning after a masquerade ball. The figures in the painting are all in costume from the night before. A man dressed as Pierrot, the famous French clown, is slumped in the arms of his friends. He is either dying or dead. The victor, dressed as an American Indian, walks away with his comrade, the Harlequin. The white snow is blood-stained, the winter mist shrouds dim skeletal trees in the background. The dying man, dressed in his clownish white costume, still grips his foil. His face is ashen, nearly as white as the snow on the ground. We can feel the profound care and concern of his three attendant friends, their sorrow and his tragedy; at the same time we feel the indifference in careless departure of the victors. It's a riveting painting.
http://charlotte.creativeloafing.com/2003-10-15/news_cover.html