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Absinthe (from the French) is a liqueur containing the possibly-psychoactive substance thujone, in addition to alcohol. Absinthe is known for its popularity in France in the late 19th century and early 20th century, until its prohibition in 1915.
The source of thujone is wormwood, whose scientific name is Artemisia absinthium. Absinthe has a pale-green color and tastes much like an anise-flavored liqueur, but with strongly bitter undertones. It was originally distilled, since a maceration of wormwood produces an extremely bitter drink. Additionally, it contains anise (often partially substituted with star anise), fennel, hyssop, melissa, and Roman wormwood (Artemisia pontica). Various recipes also include angelica root, sweet flag, dittany leaves, coriander, and other mountain herbs.
The distillation of wormwood, anise, and fennel first produces a colorless "alcoholate", and to this the well-known green colour of the beverage is imparted by steeping with the leaves of roman wormwood, hyssop, and melissa. Inferior varieties are made by means of essences or oils cold-mixed in alcohol, the distillation process being omitted.
Historically, there were four varieties of absinthe: ordinaire, demi-fine, fine, and supérieures or Swiss, the latter of which was of a higher alcoholic strength than the former. It can be colored green (which is done to add flavors) or left clear. The best absinthes contain 65 to 75% alcohol. It is said to improve very materially by storage. It is known that in the 19th century absinthe, like much food and drink of the time, absinthe was occasionally adulterated by profiteers with copper, zinc, indigo, or other dye-stuffs to impart the green colour, but this was never done by the best distilleries.
It was thought that excessive absinthe-drinking led to effects which were specifically worse than those associated with over-indulgence in other forms of alcohol, creating the condition absinthisme. The wormwood extract is responsible for the drink containing a compound called thujone, which is an epileptic in extremely high doses, but far more than could be consumed by normal drinking. Most of the thujone is removed during the distillation process, but can remain in higher amounts in oils or when macerated, especially the plant stems, where thujone content is the highest. No modern scientific studies have been carried out to back the validity of 19th century medical claims to absinthe's supposed dangers as a drink, apart from its high alcohol content.
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