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The first hospitals and orphanages.
Among most European pagans, including the Greeks and Romans and Vikings, unwanted children were simply abandoned in the wilderness. (The story of Hansel and Gretel harks back to that era, as does the story of Oedipus.)
Most of the universities in Europe and most of the private colleges were founded by religious organizations, including Oxford, Cambridge, the Sorbonne, Harvard, Yale, etc.
The poster who said that Lutheranism is the reason for the historically higher rate of literacy in northern than in southern Europe is correct. One of the cornerstones of both Lutheran and Calvinist theology was that ordinary people could access God directly, without having to go through intermediaries, so they needed to learn to read the Bible. This was facilitated by the spread of printing, but not caused by it, since southern Europe had the same printing technology in a few years.
Almost all the scientific discoveries of the early modern period occurred at the religoiusly oriented universities. Isaac Newton was a clergyman, as were many other northern European scientists of the period.
Inspiration for art, music, and literature throughout the world, not just in Christian areas. Go to Japan or China, and you'll find that the greatest art and architecture are inspired by Buddhism.
Charitable work even now. In Minneapolis, the downtown churches serve no-strings-attached meals for the poor and homeless. (I'm too new in the area to know what's happening outside the downtown area, where my own parish is located.) They also cooperate to organize Habitat for Humanity teams, provide clothes for poor people who need work clothes, sponsor refugees, collect school supplies and winter coats for inner city children, give free meeting space to 12-step groups and other self-help and community organizations, and provide tutoring for illiterate adults and ESL for immigrants. Experienced parents volunteer to mentor single teen parents in coping with their children. The youth groups do major volunteer social service projects in the summer.
In Portland, there was a newspaper by and for the homeless known as Street Roots, and each issue contained a list of where people could get essential services. By far the vast majority of these efforts were headquartered at churches, and most of them placed no religious obligations on participants.
In the Twin Cities they go to the state capitol to lobby for increased funding for social services and education and to demonstrate against torture of prisoners in Iraq. These efforts either receive no publicity at all or are covered on the back page of the B section of the paper.
In addition, most mainstream churches give their clergy discretionary funds that have to be used to help individuals in need and have to be reported to the governing body of the parish. For example, my priest in Portland once used his discretionary fund when he found one of the men who frequented the free lunch program sitting at the table crying. It turned out that the man's mother was dying, and he had no money to go see her. After verifying the man's story, the priest bought him a bus ticket so he could go see her one last time.
They also provide free after-school programs for latchkey children, and the African-American churches in Portland (I don't know about here) organized Saturday tutoring sessions for children who were struggling in school.
Do you know who always shows up on the scene whenever there's a natural disaster or a movement of refugees anywhere in the world? Catholic Charities, Lutheran World Relief, Episcopal Relief and Development, and other mainstream Christian groups are there with food, clothing, and medical treatment, all without placing any religious demands on the recipients. (Fundamentalists believe that people who provide aid without trying to "save souls" will go to hell.)
During the colonial era in the Third World, the missionaries may have had ulterior motives in starting schools, but they were the ONLY group that even thought of teaching the indigenous people to read and write. (They also exerted pressure on colonial authorities in India to the practice of burning widows alive on their husband's funeral pyre.) Through their schools, they inadvertently trained the first generation of advocates for independence.
I saw a documentary about the Magdalene Sisters in Ireland, and the problem there was that the state allowed a religious group unsupervised total control over individuals who had broken the community's rigid moral code. In the modern U.S., that kind of institution would be open to charges of kidnapping and slavery. The charitable efforts of mainstream churches today bear no resemblance to what happened in Ireland thirty years ago.
There are a lot of snide, militant atheists (as opposed to the live and let live atheists) on DU, but I would like to ask them what atheist organizations are doing that match these efforts. There was an atheists' organization in Portland, and as far as I could see, all they did was run a cable access show where they sat around and bitched about how awful religion was and how superior they were for not being involved in it.
Militant atheists might think it would be the greatest thing in the world if all the churches disappeared overnight. But you'd notice the effects on society--and not in a good way.
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