Plant Mgr. - 10-Ton Leak Of 2% Hexavalent Chromium Solution (10% Recovered) Not "Serious Incident"

Health Effects

Workers who breathe hexavalent chromium compounds at their jobs for many years may be at increased risk of developing lung cancer. Breathing high levels of hexavalent chromium can irritate or damage the nose, throat, and lungs. Irritation or damage to the eyes and skin can occur if hexavalent chromium contacts these organs in high concentrations or for a prolonged period of time.

General

* Health Effects of Hexavalent Chromium <24 KB PDF*, 2 pages>. OSHA Fact Sheet, (2006, July). Provides a concise list of industrial sources, symptoms and health effects of exposure to hexavalent chromium, and OSHA requirements for the protection of employees.

* ToxFAQs for Chromium. Agency For Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), (2008, September). Answers the most frequently asked health questions about chromium.

* Toxicological Profile for Chromium. Agency For Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), (2008, September). Characterizes the toxicological and adverse health effects information regarding chromium and chromium compounds.

* Public Health Statement for Chromium. Agency For Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), (2008, September). Describes chromium and its effects on humans.

* Chromium (VI) (CASRN 18540-29-9). Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), (1998, September 3). Lists human health effects that may result from exposure to various substances found in the environment.

* Toxicological Review of Hexavalent Chromium <1 MB PDF, 77 pages>. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) No. 18540-29-9, (1998, August). Provides scientific support and rationale for the hazard identification and dose-response assessment in the integrated risk information system (IRIS) pertaining to chronic exposure to hexavalent chromium.

Cancer

All forms of hexavalent chromium are regarded as carcinogenic to workers. The risk of developing lung cancer increases with the amount of hexavalent chromium inhaled and the length of time the worker is exposed. Studies of workers in chromate production, chromate pigment, and chrome electroplating industries employed before the 1980s show increased rates of lung cancer mortality. Certain hexavalent chromium compounds produced lung cancer in animals that had the compounds placed directly in their lungs.

* Gibb, H.J., et al. "Lung cancer among workers in chromium chemical production." American Journal of Industrial Medicine (AJIM) 38.2(2000, July 7): 115-126. Describes a study regarding the incidence of lung cancer among workers in chromium chemical production.

* Report on Carcinogens (RoC). Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) Public Health Services, National Toxicology Program (NTP). Links to sections of the report.
o Chromium Hexavalent Compounds <136 KB PDF, 4 pages>. Explains the carcinogenicity, properties, use, production, exposure, and regulations regarding chromium hexavalent compounds.

Eyes

Direct eye contact with chromic acid or chromate dusts can cause permanent eye damage.

Respiratory Tract

Hexavalent chromium can irritate the nose, throat, and lungs. Repeated or prolonged exposure can damage the mucous membranes of the nasal passages and result in ulcers. In severe cases, exposure causes perforation of the septum (the wall separating the nasal passages). Breathing small amounts of hexavalent chromium even for long periods does not cause respiratory tract irritation in most people. Some employees become allergic to hexavalent chromium so that inhaling the chromate compounds can cause asthma symptoms such as wheezing and shortness of breath.

Skin

Prolonged skin contact can result in dermatitis and skin ulcers. Some workers develop an allergic sensitization to chromium. In sensitized workers, contact with even small amounts can cause a serious skin rash.

* Preventing Skin Problems From Working with Portland Cement. OSHA Guidance, (2008, February). Provides information about persistent skin rash caused by trace amounts of hexavalent chromium present in portland cement. It has been reported that skin contact from working with wet portland cement can lead to allergic and irritant forms of dermatitis.

* A Safety and Health Practioner's Guide to Skin Protection. Electronic Library of Construction Occupational Safety and Health (eCLOSH), (2000). Includes illustrations of dry skin, irritant contact dermatitis (ICD), allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), and cement burns.

NOTE: The aforementioned toxicology comes from the Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs), American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), 6th Edition, Volume 1, and from the references listed above.

http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/hexavalentchromium/index.html