Home RuleIn the United States, the legislative authority granted to local governments varies by state. In some states, known as Home Rule States, an amendment to the state constitution grants cities, municipalities, and/or counties the ability to pass laws to govern themselves as they see fit (so long as they obey the state and federal constitutions).
The Ohio case turned on whether or not Cleveland's restrictions were permissible use of its Home Rule authority or an impermissible abuse of its police powers.
Most states apply the so-called
Dillon's Rule to municipalities:
The theory of state preeminence over local governments was expressed as Dillon’s Rule in an 1868 case: "Municipal corporations owe their origin to, and derive their powers and rights wholly from, the legislature. It breathes into them the breath of life, without which they cannot exist. As it creates, so may it destroy. If it may destroy, it may abridge and control. Clinton v Cedar Rapids and the Missouri River Railroad,(24 Iowa 455; 1868).
In almost all cases, these arguments have been framed where a municipality wants to restrict something further than state or Federal law allow. Typical examples from the past included things like "sunset laws" where blacks were not permitted in town after sundown, or as in this case, city residents could not own certain firearms that were legal everywhere else in the state.
Recent examples of cities being more permissive include San Francisco's short period of issuing marriage licenses for gay marriages, or cities declaring themselves as sanctuary cities and refusing to enforce immigration laws. These conflicts are similar to the disconnect between some State's medical marijuana laws and Federal law.