I'm not an expert, but bear with me here.
The militia system was long perceived by Americans as the preferable means of defense in a free nation because it eliminated the need for standing armies except in extraordinary circumstances. Over time that’s been turned around: now a standing army is the preferred means of defense, and a militia would be called out - if at all - only in extraordinary circumstances. I bet it is tied to US “defense” policy of policing the world, maintaining an empire of over 750 bases in more than 100 countries around the world. See _The Sorrows of Empire : Militarism, Secrecy, and the End of the Republic_ by Chalmers Johnson.
To ensure the existence of an adequate number of militiamen when the need arose, every male of military age and capacity was required by law to be enrolled for military service.48 Furthermore, because colonial treasuries were sparse, every militiaman was also required by law to provide at his own expense specified weapons and related equipment.49 Therefore, the colonists believed that individual ownership and possession of weapons was of the utmost importance in order to maintain the militia as a strong and viable means of defense.
>OK, the 2AM gives us the right to bear arms. Presumably, this is to overthrow the government, should the need arise, as it did under British rule. That experience was fresh in the minds of the founding fathers.
When I read Federalist Papers No. 36, “Concerning the Militia,” I don’t get the sense that Alexander Hamilton articulates the necessity of a militia in terms of overthrowing the government, but in terms of suppressing insurrections and protecting the republic.
http://memory.loc.gov/const/fed/fed_29.html When we turn to Federalist papers No. 46, “The Influence of the State and Federal Governments Compared,” we encounter James Madison speculating on “the visionary supposition that the federal government may previously accumulate a military force for the projects of ambition.”
http://memory.loc.gov/const/fed/fed_46.html Assume that the federal government constructs a large, standing military and attempts to impose tyranny on the people. “Extravagant as the supposition is,” writes Madison, “let it however be made. Let a regular army, fully equal to the resources of the country, be formed; and let it be entirely at the devotion of the federal government; still it would not be going too far to say, that the State governments, with the people on their side, would be able to repel the danger. The highest number to which, according to the best computation, a standing army can be carried in any country, does not exceed one hundredth part of the whole number of souls; or one twenty-fifth part of the number able to bear arms. This proportion would not yield, in the United States, an army of more than twenty-five or thirty thousand men. To these would be opposed a militia amounting to near half a million of citizens with arms in their hands, officered by men chosen from among themselves, fighting for their common liberties, and united and conducted by governments possessing their affections and confidence.” On the side of the militia, envisions Madison, would also belong the state governments. If there were such a stand-off, the people (in the form of their state and local governments and militia) would be able to prevail over a tyrannical federal government, according to Madison. Is he right? Let’s all hope we never find out.
>Isn't it a bit anachronistic to assume that the firepower available to an individual is anywhere close to the firepower available to the US Army?
Such a question was also asked during the founding of the country. Perhaps the words of Tench Coxe shed light here.
“The power of the sword, say the minority of Pennsylvania, is in the hands of Congress. My friends and countrymen, it is not so, for THE POWERS OF THE SWORD ARE IN THE HANDS OF THE YEOMANRY OF AMERICA FROM SIXTEEN TO SIXTY. The militia of these free commonwealths, entitled and accustomed to their arms, when compared with any possible army, must be tremendous and irresistible. Who are the militia? are they not ourselves. Is it feared, then, that we shall turn our arms each man against his own bosom. Congress have no power to disarm the militia. Their swords, and every other terrible implement of the soldier, are the birthright of an American. What clause in the state or federal constitution hath given away that important right.... The unlimited power of the sword is not in the hands of either the federal or state governments, but where I trust in God it will ever remain, in the hands of the people.”
http://i2i.org/SuptDocs/Crime/hk-coxe.htm >I remember the British use of air power, tanks rolling through the streets of Boston…
The British Navy with its big guns were that period’s equivalent of tanks and air power. Assume a modern day version of Madison’s “visionary supposition.” The use of tanks would be of limited value within the context of an urban guerilla war. Daring to send F-16s to bomb cities would probably incite more anti-federal sentiment among the people. In either case, tanks and planes have their costs and vulnerabilities, and can be disabled with weapon that mechanically-inclined guerillas can build in their garages.
http://tinyurl.com/35npq For one example, see _Build Your Own Bazooka_ by Anthony Lewis.
>the Holocost would have happened if they had been armed?
An excellent question. The problem in the 1930 was that Hitler’s opponents both inside and outside Germany were too intimidated, disunited, dispirited, or politically outfoxed by Hitler to offer coordinated resistance until it was too late. One country that did face down the German Army and kept its independence was Switzerland, a little country of four million that ended up completely surrounded by the fascists.
http://www.apfn.org/apfn/swiss.htm Target See _Switzerland: Swiss Armed Neutrality in World War II_ by Stephen Halbrook. "Since the origins of the Swiss Confederation in 1291, it has been the duty of every male Swiss citizen to be armed and to serve in the militia.” Today, that arm is an 'assault rifle,' which is issued to every Swiss male and which must be kept in the home. During Germany's Third Reich (1933-1945), that arm was a bolt-action repeating rifle, which was highly effective in the hands of Switzerland's many sharpshooters.” One-fifth of Swiss citizens were armed and capable of offering stiff resistance against a conventional invasion and against a prolonged occupation. “There was no holocaust on Swiss soil," Mr. Halbrook concludes. "Swiss Jews served in the militia side by side with their fellow citizens, and kept rifles in their homes just like everyone else.”
>The "Well Regulated Militia" has become the National Guard........
I beg to differ. The militia and the National Guard are legally two completely different entities with different missions. "The Militia of the United States consist of all able-bodied males at least 17 years of age ... " Title 10, Section 311 of the United States Code.
May I suggest that you read _The Bill of Rights: Creation and Reconstruction_ by leading constitutional scholar at Yale, Akhil Reed Amar. I have read his book, and I think it is fair to describe Amar’s politics as a bit to the left. "Several modern scholars have read the (second) amendment as protecting only arms bearing in organized 'state militias,' like SWAT teams and National Guard units. ...
"This reading doesn't quite work. The states'-rights reading puts great weight on the word militia, but the word appears only in the amendment's subordinate clause. The ultimate right to keep and bear arms belongs to 'the people,' not the states. As the language of the Tenth Amendment shows, these two are of course not identical: when the Constitution means 'states,' it says so.
"Thus, as noted above, 'the people' at the core of the Second Amendment are the same people at the heart of the Preamble and the First Amendment. Elbridge Gerry put the point nicely in the First Congress, in language that closely tracked the populist concern about governmental self-dealing at the root of earlier amendments: 'This declaration of rights, I take it, is intended to secure the people against the mal-administration of the Government.'
"What's more, the 'militia,' as used in the amendment and in clause 16, had a very different meaning two hundred years ago than in ordinary conversation today. Nowadays, it is quite common to speak loosely of the National Guard as the 'state militia,' but two hundred years ago, any band of paid, semiprofessional, part-time volunteers, like today's Guard, would have been called 'a select corps' or 'select militia' -- and viewed in many quarters as little better than a standing army.
"In 1789, when used without any qualifying adjective, 'the militia' referred to all citizens capable of bearing arms. The seeming tension between the dependent and the main clauses of the Second Amendment thus evaporates on closer inspection -- the 'militia' is identical to 'the people' in the core sense described above. ... This is clearly the sense in which 'the militia' is used in clause 16 and throughout The Federalist, in keeping with standard usage confirmed by contemporaneous dictionaries, legal and otherwise. As Tench Coxe wrote in a 1788 Pennsylvania essay, 'Who are the militia? Are they not ourselves?' "
http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj_home/2000/Jul-09-Sun-2000/opinion/13914842.html>ANY armed revolt by any segment of the population of this country against the government would be put down so swiftly and so harshly it would make Tienanmen Square look like a bake sale.
An armed confrontation between the people and some tyrannical federal government would indeed be bloody beyond imagination, but let's turn it around. When the Chinese Army fired on the demonstrators at Tiananmen Square, they *knew* that there would be no return fire. Would the Chinese political leadership had been so ready to order a massacre if, say, 42% of the Chinese households owned guns? Any would-be American tyrants who would plan a coup would have to figure into their equations the fact that there are somewhere between 60 and 80 million American gun owners.