Time line... middle east ..Later Mandate period. (1930-1047)

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Later Mandate Period Including World War II, 1930-1947

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1930 The British Passfield-White Paper was issued in response to the civil strife of 1928-29 in Palestine. Bowing to pressure from the Arabs, Lord Passfield and the British retreated from their pledge to permit unlimited Jewish immigration and began to impose severe limits on the numbers allowed to immigrate. Illegal immigration continued.

On March 28, 1930, Turkey's president Mustafa Kemal Ataturk decreed that the legal name for the city known as Constantinople from Byzantine times would henceforth be Istanbul. (see also)

1931 The second Italo-Sanusi War ended in Libya with the hanging of the Libyan freedom fighter, Umar Mukhtar. His captor Italian General Rodolfo Graziani was later tried and imprisoned after World War II.

Three years after Hasan al-Banna founded the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, Ahmed Hamid Ben Badis established the Association of Muslim Ulemas in Constantine, Algeria. Like the Deobandis while they were still under British rule and like the Muslim Brothers in Palestine before the first intifada, the AMU was an apolitical organization.

Also in 1931, Saudi Arabia invited American Charles Crane to the country to help explore sources of water. The geological survey Crane organized did not find water, but did find evidence of oil deposits.

1932 Turkish women gained the right to vote. In 1932, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was formed by Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud, the first modern Muslim state, as Max Rodenbeck put it, that was the product of a jihad. Also in 1932, Iraq gained independence from Great Britain, but Britain retained military bases and oil interests.

1933 Iraq joined the League of Nations. Iraq's King Faisal I died and was succeeded by his son Ghazi, who reigned until 1939 when he was killed in an auto accident. An uprising of Assyrians in Iraq was crushed. A new Anglo-Iranian oil agreement was signed. Saudi Arabia's King Ibn Saud awarded a concession to drill for oil to the American Standard Oil Company. The Saudi-American partnership became known as the Arabian-American Oil Company (ARAMCO), and several other American oil companies came on board before oil finally began to flow in 1938.

1934 Italy suppressed the Sanussi uprising in Libya. Iran became the official name of the Dominion of Persia.

1935 Death of Rashid Rida, conservative reformer and defender of Islam. Italy invaded Ethiopia.

On November 20, 1935, Syrian Islamic Sheikh Izz al-Din al-Qassam died in a clash with British troops in Palestine after he and two followers killed a Jewish policeman. al-Qassam became one of the inspirational forces behind both the Islamic Jihad group and HAMAS during the first Palestinian Intifada ("uprising") in the late 1980's. al-Qassam was a fiery orator who called for the waging of jihad against Zionist, British, and French forces in the Middle East.

1936 Germany occupied the Rhineland. In Egypt, King Fuad died, and was succeeded by his son, King Farouk. A 1936 Anglo-Egyptian treaty limited British control in Egypt even further. Mussolini's Italy occupied Ethiopia.

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