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that we can stabilize at without incurring permanent environmental degradation of a magnitude to seriously threaten human society - meaning things like massive death, destruction, and conflict. The ultimate results of passing 350 could also result in species death on a massive scale - and that might pose more of an existential threat than the global war (involving nuclear armed nations) that might come from the huge population displacement and misery caused by rising sea levels and other more direct environmental impacts.
The above is according to thousands of scientists and highly educated experts.
Of course, we have already passed 350 (currently around 390), with no real indication of a turnaround.
I highly recommend to anyone reading this thread who is genuinely interested, watch or listen to the Teaching Company course "Earth's Changing Climate" with Professor Richard Wolfson. (It may be available from your library system - that's how I got it.) Lecture 6, where he describes how long it takes to reduce CO2 levels in the atmosphere and why, will scare the shit out of you. What McKibben (who I highly respect) and others don't want to talk about, is that we are already are in the mitigation phase. We've already lost the opportunity to avert disaster - UNLESS the scientists were wrong AND we manage to turn back before the number gets to the actual threshold. But they give 350 as the number because that's the consensus threshold.
In short, we're already f*cked, but we can either be more f*cked or less f*cked in the long term, depending whether we can turn this around.
Oh and your graphic is completely irrelevant, unless all you care about is the "survival" of the planetary object called Earth, without respect to whether any life at all, or certain species (like humans) survive. It also makes no sense to me because the only "logical" argument I've heard against taking action against global warming comes from fundamentalist Christians, who truly believe the Earth is only a few thousand years old, and that "God will take care of it". If you believe as they do, that God takes care of everything, that's a logical argument. But if you believe as they do, then the chart you posted is meaningless because the Earth hasn't been around that long.
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