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subsuelo Donating Member (1000+ posts) Send PM | Profile | Ignore Mon Aug-17-09 08:27 PM
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Media In Venezuela: Facts and Fiction
When Hugo Chávez won the Venezuelan Presidential election in 1998, he immediately implemented one of his primary campaign platforms, the rewriting of the Venezuelan Constitution of 1961. This new constitution included a broader scope of social, economic, cultural, political and civil rights. A popular referendum was held to elect qualified citizens to make up a Constituent Assembly whose job was to draft the new constitution. This constitution was truly written for the people and by the people. One of the articles in the constitution required the restructuring of the Venezuelan oil industry in order to provide a more equal distribution of resources and wealth to the Venezuelan people. For the economic and political groups who traditionally held power and who had benefited greatly from this oil profit, this shift in structure and fortune was not at all welcome. Since then, this large block of private media (whose ownership belongs to the most powerful businessmen and corporations) has worked toward removing Chávez from power and slowing the revolutionary process.1 Since Chávez won the presidential election and the traditional political parties Acción Democratica and COPEI lost power, the news media has become the greatest weapon of the opposition in a war against the Chávez administration.

Media Sources in Venezuela

The preferred news source of most Venezuelans is television media. There are at least five nationally broadcasted television stations that dispatch via “free-over-the-air” and publicly allotted signals. These stations include Venevisión (controlled by Grupo Cisneros), Univision, Televisión de Venezuela (Televen) and previous to it’s closing (which will be explained later in the article), Radio Caracas Television (RCTV).2

For several decades, commercial television in Venezuela has belonged to an oligopoly of two families, the Cisneros and the Bottome & Granier Group. The tremendous influence of these parties reaches beyond broadcast networks into advertising and public relations agencies that operate for the welfare of the stations, as well as record labels and other societal industries that produce material to be promoted on the stations. Not only does the Cisneros family own Venevisión, the largest station in Venezuela, they own over seventy media outlets in 39 countries, including DirecTV Latin America, AOL Latin America, Caracol Television (Colombia), the Univisión Network in the United States, Galavisión, Playboy Latin America as well as beverage and food distribution such as Coca Cola bottling, Regional Beer and Pizza Hut in Venezuela. They also own entities such as Los Leones baseball team of Caracas and the Miss Venezuela Pageant.3 The reach of the Cisneros power is massive; the media monopoly broadcasts to more than four million television screens in Venezuela, giving it tremendous power and influence.

Globovisión, a channel that is widely broadcast in major metropolitan centers such as Caracas, Carabobo and Zulia and is also available on satellite on DirecTV, and CNN en Español are both private stations that have a harsh anti-Chávez rhetoric. President of CNN en Español Christopher Cromwell has said that Chávez may not like the programming on his network, but this meant that CNN was doing its job correctly. Another station, Valores Educativos Televisión (Vale TV) is a major regional network that is neither state-run nor commercially aimed, run by the Asociación Civil, which is managed by the Catholic Church.4 These smaller, regional networks are never mentioned in reports of media in Venezuela. Five major private television networks control at least 90% of the market and smaller private stations control another 5%. This 95% of the broadcast market was quick to express its opposition to President Chávez’s administration as early as 1999, soon after Chávez first took office.5 There are three public and state-controlled television channels that exist on the same national electromagnetic spectrum, including Venezolana de Televisión (VTV, established in 1964, a state-owned television network); Visión Venezuela (ViVe TV, established in 2003, a cultural network funded by the government that is not yet broadcasted nationally); and Televisora Venezolana Social (TVes, established in 2007 as RCTV’s substitute).6 These channels cannot compete with the privately owned, commercial media that serve as the dominant source of television news media in Venezuela.

Print media in Venezuela is diverse, but it depicts a greater opposition presence than seen in television networks. Many publications are corporate-owned and extremely critical of the Chávez administration. In comparison to the United States, where New York, the largest city, has only four daily papers (New York Times, Wall Street Journal, New York Post, Daily News), two of which are markedly sympathetic to the Bush administration, Caracas, the capital of Venezuela, has twenty-one daily papers. Whereas the New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, USA Today and Washington Post are the only nationally distributed daily papers in the United States, Venezuela circulates eight daily papers nationally. A Washington D.C. based think-tank Council on Hemispheric Affairs (COHA) has described the print media situation in simple terms: “nine out of ten newspapers, including El Nacional and El Universal, are staunchly anti-Chávez.” 7


http://upsidedownworld.org/main/content/view/2059/35/">full article (only about 1/3 of article was posted)
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Peace Patriot Donating Member (1000+ posts) Send PM | Profile | Ignore Tue Aug-18-09 01:44 AM
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1. An excellent article! It explains exactly why RCTV was denied a renewal of its broadcast license
to use the public airwaves in Venezuela--which is not a right in any country, but rather a privilege subject to regulation and licensing in the public interest, since broadcast media have such enormous power to shape political debate and to influence people subliminally with imagery, sound and repetition and is so pervasive in society, with TV in virtually every home and radio in every vehicle*.

Besides RCTV's 625 violations of broadcast regulations, during the 2002 coup d'etat in Venezuela RCTV broadcast falsified footage that made it seem that Chavez government supporters were shooting at unarmed anti-government demonstrators (not true), broadcast a false military announcement that Chavez had resigned as president (he had not resigned), hosted meetings of the coup, broadcast its events, refused to broadcast any opposition to the coup, encouraged violence against Chavez supporters and members of his government, and then ran cartoons and soap operas at critical moments to cover up what was being done (kidnapping of the president, and suspension of the Constitution, the courts, the National Assembly and all civil rights).

RCTV's actions were outrageous and reprehensible. In many countries, its owners would be in jail. And their utter hypocrisy--and the utter hypocrisy of our own corpo/fascist press--on freedom of speech--is illustrated by the coup's shutdown of the government broadcasting station, during the coup, to prevent members of the Chaver government from telling the people of Venezuela what was really happening. "Free speech" is a very limited thing, in their view--"free speech" for themselves and none for Chavez and members of his government and the millions of Venezuelans who voted for them.

A shitstorm of phony outrage spewed from our corpo/fascist press and theirs, when Chavez exercised a power given to him under the Venezuelan Constitution--which here is exercised by the FCC (a politically appointed board)--to license or not license broadcasters, and chose not to renew RCTV's license. They made it seem that Chavez did something illegal and that he was merely punishing RCTV for opposing him politically. As this article points out, 90% of broadcasting in Venezuela is anti-Chavez, much of it very anti-Chavez. RCTV was no loss, on the matter of fairness and balance. In truth, de-licensing RCTV improved free speech in Venezuela, by taking off the public airwaves a corporation that touted suspending all civil rights except for themselves.

It is fair to criticize Venezuela's method of regulation and suggest that it be improved (--that the licensing power not be concentrated in the president's hands, that it be more diffuse, that an appeals process be established, etc.), but the legality and justice of Chavez's action, regarding RCTV, are beyond question. In fact, he would have been justified, as president of the country with particular responsibility for Venezuela's security and the integrity of its institutions, if he had sent military troops to RCTV to shut it down as soon as he was back in power. He probably chose not to do so immediately for that very reason--the security of the country. The country was in turmoil, and it was unclear what might happen next. The Bushwhacks had stationed a US Navy ship off the coast of Venezuela. Venezuelan military officers had been involved in the coup. The Bush Junta in Washington and our corpo/fascist press were still hailing the coup as a 'triumph for democracy' as tens of thousands of Venezuelans poured into the streets to defeat the coup and restore order in their country. And the turmoil continued, with various hostile actions by the Bushwhacks and nearly successful destabilization efforts, including a crippling oil professionals' strike and a US-funded recall election during the 2003-2004 period. Venezuela was not all that secure until 2006, when Chavez ran for re-election, in an election with heavy international monitoring, and won big. Apparently only then did he and his government feel secure in taking the mildest of appropriate actions against this powerful, treasonous, coup-mongering broadcasting corporation.

The Chavez government is now trying to establish the very regulatory system that the anti-Chavez screamers criticized them for not having at the time that RCTV license was not renewed. As they have done with tax collection, they are trying to create a system with consistent, enforceable rules. Dozens of stations are resisting this appropriate regulation of use of the public airwaves, The scofflaws are, of course, screaming censorship and tyranny. And the screams of "dictator" echo over our corpo/fascist-controlled airwaves, and theirs, and in all of our corpo/fascist newspapers, and half of theirs (--they have more balance in the print media). Let me repeat: The airwaves belong to the public, and they are regulated in every country in the world, with public interest objectives, many of which include "fairness and balance" in political debate, as well as public access and public service. We used to have "fairness and balance" here, in the era of the "Fairness Doctrine" (and we had much better journalism as a result). Even if the Chavez government is reviewing station ownership for too many fascist owners and too much fascist bullcrap on TV and radio, they have that right and indeed they have an obligation, as public servants, to ensure fairness to the public in the use of publicly owned airwaves. But there is no evidence yet that the Chavez government is even trying to do this--trying to "balance" political coverage. They have found owners who can't prove they ever got a license; owners who are regularly violating existing rules; narrow cliques who pass their use of the station amongst their friends and family, and other sorts of irregularities that need to be corrected by good government. And, if in this process, they alter the current 90/10 ratio of corpo/fascist views vs. neutral or leftist views, more power to them. They will have done the Venezuelan people a great favor.

--------------------------------------------

* (You pick up a newspaper or news magazine and choose to read it, and stop reading it. The object does not have the power to repeatedly force ideas upon you. TV/radio, on the other hand, entices you with imagery, sound and entertainment. You can turn it off, but when it is on, you have no defenses against it. It can cleverly repeat certain messages over and over and over again, and can subliminally shape how you think and what you think. This is why broadcasting is regulated.)
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