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When a US citizen moves overseas, he/she can register with the US embassy. The registration page includes email as well as phone numbers, address, etc. In countries where things are sticky or can get sticky, the embassy sets up a ward system. This includes an emergency cascade - messages go out from the embassy to the expats, and the expats are suppposed to cascade the information.
Some expats have provision to have satellite phones so they can serve as communications nodes. Others have radios they can tune in to either their company network or the embassy.
When an evacuation is offered, the expats have two options, they can try to get to the embassy, where they pile up in the parking lot and embassy grounds, or they can go to the gathering point (this can be a hotel, a hospital, or a school). If things are really bad, the navy sends helicopters with marines to the embassy and the gathering points to escort convoys. Sometimes the marines can be counterproductive, so people try to sneak out in small groups, it all depends on the situation.
I've lived in places where we figured out the best solution was to take a high speed boat out from a private club, and the expatriates woud just move to apartments close to the club where the boats were located. In another case we had the boats ready to take us to a runway in a pretty isolated spot near the coast, where planes could come in and pick us up.
So it's all sort of hodge podge, there's no unique solutions. The key for most expats is to get their children out safe, and this is usually done without much of a hassle (I haven't heard of American kids getting shot in a long time).
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