Triggering Resilience to Depression
Source: The Scientist
Researchers at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York have reversed depression-like behaviors in mice in an unexpected way. Rather than silencing the hyperactive neurons that triggered the rodents symptoms, the team boosted their activity even further. This triggered a compensatory, self-tuning response that brought the neurons firingand the rodents behaviorsback to normal.
Theres a saying in Chinese: If you push something to an extreme, the only way it can go is in the opposite direction, said Ming-Hu Han, who led the study, published today (April 17) in Science. Although his team needs to confirm their results in humans, Han added, it could give us new avenues for treating depression that are conceptually very different to the classical therapeutic strategy. Rather than identifying the cause of an illness and reversing it, it may be possible to push those causes even harder and get the body to right itself.
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Hans team has effectively discovered the neurological version of a psychological phenomenonresilience. It makes us re-evaluate what it means to be resilient, said Michelle Mazei-Robison from Michigan State University, who was not involved in the work. We didnt think of it as a continuum, where you almost have to push through the pathological response to bring things back into balance, rather than just having some sort of compensation. Its a new twist, and very novel.
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Its an exciting breakthrough with vast translational potential, said Kay Tye from MIT in an e-mail. Pushing the system one way could actually trigger the brains own homeostatic plasticity to push back. This could be a critical factor in the functionality of existing therapies, as well. For example, lamotrigine is sometimes used to treat people with bipolar disorder who go through bouts of depression. We never knew how it worked, but our study gives us an idea, said Han.
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Read more: http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/39734/title/Triggering-Resilience-to-Depression/
bananas
(27,509 posts)To quash depression, some brain cells must push through the stress
By Melissa Healy
April 17, 2014, 11:05 a.m.
The nature of psychological resilience has, in recent years, been a subject of enormous interest to researchers, who have wondered how some people endure and even thrive under a certain amount of stress, and others crumble and fall prey to depression. The resulting research has underscored the importance of feeling socially connected and the value of psychotherapy to identify and exercise patterns of thought that protect against hopelessness and defeat.
But what does psychological resilience look like inside our brains, at the cellular level? Such knowledge might help bolster peoples' immunity to depression and even treat people under chronic stress. And a new study published Thursday in Science magazine has made some progress in the effort to see the brain struggling with -- and ultimately triumphing over -- stress.
A group of neuroscientists at Mount Sinai's Icahn School of Medicine in New York focused on the dopaminergic cells in the brain's ventral tegmentum, a key node in the brain's reward circuitry and therefore an important place to look at how social triumph and defeat play out in the brain. In mice under stress because they were either chronically isolated or rebuffed or attacked by fellow littermates, the group had observed that this group of neurons become overactive.
It would logically follow, then, that if you don't want stressed mice (or people) to become depressed, you would want to avoid hyperactivity in that key group of neurons, right?
Actually, wrong, the researchers found. In a series of experiments, they saw that the mice who were least prone to behave in socially defeated ways when under stress were actually the ones whose dopaminergic cells in the ventral tegmental area displayed the greatest levels of hyperactivity in response to stress. And that hyperactivity was most pronounced in the neurons that extended from the tegmentum into the nearby nucleus accumbens, also a key node in the brain's reward system.
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bananas
(27,509 posts)Boosting Excess Neuron Activity Builds Resilience In Mice Vulnerable To Depression
By Lecia Bushak | Apr 17, 2014 06:16 PM EDT
A new study has found that activating natural resilience in the brain could reduce susceptibility for stress in mice, and potentially humans.
Depressive behaviors in mice are often linked to out-of-balance neuron activity in the brains reward circuit. Suppressing or stopping this hyperactive neuron activity was typically thought to treat this susceptibility to depression or anxiety but the new study has found quite the opposite.
To our surprise, neurons in this circuit harbor their own self-tuning, homeostatic mechanism of natural resilience, Ming-Hu Han of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City, explained in a press release. What this means is that instead of suppressing this excessive neuron activity, boosting it provided a self-stabilizing response, re-establishing balance and producing an antidepressant-like effect.
The mice that were once vulnerable to being anxious, listless, depressed or withdrawn after socially stressful experiences stopped exhibiting these behaviors after their neuron activity received a boost. As we get to the bottom of a mystery that has perplexed the field for more than a decade, the story takes an unexpected twist that may hold clues to future antidepressants that would at through this counterintuitive resilience mechanism, Dr. Thomas Insel, NIMH Director, said in the press release.
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cthulu2016
(10,960 posts)freshwest
(53,661 posts)Helen Borg
(3,963 posts)mice models of depression are not that useful, IMO. In fact, there are more and more doubts about the efficacy of pharmacological treatments of most types of depression in humans.
thefool_wa
(1,867 posts)Anti-Depressants work. While they definitely don't just make you better, they allow you to figure out how to get better without the constant ongoing spirals of rage and sadness. I have taken them for years and I am a different, better person because of it. Everyone around me says so.
That said, I have issue with the idea that the way to fix depressed PEOPLE is to make them more depressed or even give them drugs that amplify their existing depression. It may fix some people, but I think there will be a lot of suicide along the way.
gvstn
(2,805 posts)One has to remember that when drugs are approved they only have to be effective in 50% of the population. That means in the other 50% they can be ineffective or actually work quite differently then expected. There would have to be very tight controls during clinical testing.
I have to say I really believe that if they can figure out which chemical in "magic" mushrooms is responsible for easing depression then that drug will be a true treatment for the condition. It is a matter of whether or not the long lasting feeling of well being that accompanies their use is purely chemical or a consequence of the "trippy" part of their use.
thefool_wa
(1,867 posts)About that and other psychedelics. Especially since, when I first started taking the anti-depressants, for the first couple weeks some of the peripheral effects were a lot like those of a hallucinogen. Nothing fun, I got a weird taste in my mouth similar to LSD and the same kind of knot in the pit of my stomach accompanied by mild nausea.
Its probably something to do with serotonin levels, but its always made me wonder if they couldn't piece-meal the beneficial parts of what those drugs do out to help with brain disorders. However, it seems to me this is a pursuit the pharmacology industry is probably all over
RainDog
(28,784 posts)what you're talking about is also the start of what is known as seratonin syndrome - which can kill you, but usually goes away if you reduce dosage - or if your body acclimates to the increase without the development of additional symptoms.
Here's what the Mayo says about seratonin syndrome:
Agitation or restlessness
Confusion
Rapid heart rate and high blood pressure
Dilated pupils
Loss of muscle coordination or twitching muscles
Muscle rigidity
Heavy sweating
Diarrhea
Headache
Shivering
Goose bumps
Severe serotonin syndrome can be life-threatening. Signs and symptoms include:
High fever
Seizures
Irregular heartbeat
Unconsciousness
Beyond SSRIs, other drugs can cause seratonin syndrome - such as antibiotics. I had seratonin syndrome, and luckily did not die from it before I figured out what was going on when I contacted the pharmacist. I started vomiting - in my sleep - and choking on vomit while sleeping is another cause of death with seratonin syndrome.
So, if you start experiencing such symptoms, you should let the pharmacist know.
thefool_wa
(1,867 posts)And many of those happen as you withdraw from it as well, which makes sense based on everything I have read as well.
We monkeyed with dosage when I first started to adapt me to it and now i only have those symptoms if I miss my pill for more than a day. Which is kinda scary actually, 'cause it makes me feel like I am on the edge of just dropping suddenly into unconsciousness at any time combined with weird pulse like headaches, twitches, and a number of other things on that list.
Scary at times, ya, but not having the uncontrollable angry/sad fits I used to get is totally worth it.
bananas
(27,509 posts)From the article in the OP:
Instead, he hopes that by studying the resilience effect more carefully, he can find safer and more efficient ways of triggering it in people. Perhaps for people with depression, we can tap into their own homeostatic ability thats hopefully there but that they arent reaching for whatever reason, Mazei-Robinson added.
and TOTALLY agree Seems like common sense
Helen Borg
(3,963 posts)is whether antidepressants "work" because of placebo vs the chemicals they are composed of. And if they are no better than placebo, then there are other ways of treating depression with fewer side effects.
In any case, I've had long discussions with Kirsch on this. Read some of the relevant literature, if you are interested.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kirsch
thefool_wa
(1,867 posts)What they do is not a placebo effect. There are side effects, and serious problems if I skip a few days. Perfect, no. Effective, for what I need yes. And definitely not a placebo.
Helen Borg
(3,963 posts)And the evidence to date does not look good at all, other than for a rather small percentage of major depression cases. Placebo effects are real, but they are not caused by the specific active factors in the anti-depressant. In fact, side effects often enhance the placebo effect, because the person believes he/she got some powerful chemical in their body. I'm not debating that whatever you take works for you. I'm just saying that you cannot assure me about the mechanism of action implicated, without a proper clinical trial. Many of these have been conducted, and the verdict is that placebo is not better than the actual anti-depressant in most cases (anti-depressants just have worse side-effects).
thefool_wa
(1,867 posts)When you say things like this to a depressed person all WE hear is "Its all in your head, just get better" and that idea is toxic.
I really hate it when people go on about how the anti depressant affect could just be placebo. It helps foster stigma and belittles those who need them for help.
Helen Borg
(3,963 posts)But that is because there is a misunderstanding about what "placebo" means. Placebo works in many domains, and it does not mean at all that the illness is "imaginary" or any less real.
It's a serious scientific and practical issue. If a clinical trial shows that anti-depressant X does no better than placebo (plus it has side effects like weight gain and sleep disturbances), then it is important for society to know about it because a lot of money and resources are wasted on anti-depressant X and there may be better, cheaper, treatment options.
hedgehog
(36,286 posts)Any given antibiotic works on one group of bacteria but not on another group. Say you take a random group of people with infections. Some have bacteria in group A and respond to the antibiotic. Some have bacteria from group B and don't respond. Is the antibiotic effective or not?
Now, any given anti-depressant seems to work for some people but not for others. The typical history is that someone tries two or three drugs or combinations of drugs to find something that works.
So, an anti-depressant is tested. It works wonders for people in Group A, is so-so for people in Group B, and does nothing for people in Group C. Does the anti-depressant work or not? People from Group A will swear by it. People from Group B ad C might say it's no better than the placebo.
Until we know enough to tease out the different causes of depression, I suspect it will be hard to test anti-depressants using the standard placebo model. What might be a good test is to take the people from Group A (who say they have responded well to the drug) , give half of them a placebo, and the other half the drug and see what happens.
Helen Borg
(3,963 posts)If you have a chance, browse some of the clinical trial review evidence Irving Kirsch has compiled on these issues.
Demeter
(85,373 posts)And logical...
Blue_Tires
(55,445 posts)kicked
The Stranger
(11,297 posts)Even a mouse.
undeterred
(34,658 posts)She was pushed to an extreme.