California students can no longer be suspended for 'willful defiance'. Could nationwide change be ne

California students can no longer be suspended for ‘willful defiance’. Could nationwide change be next?

More than a decade ago, when he was a teacher and school counselor, Amir Whitaker was called into a Los Angeles classroom to support a student in a disciplinary situation. A Black girl had been humming in one of his white colleague’s classes. His fellow teacher, Whitaker said, had asked the student to stop humming to no avail.

Eventually, the student was recommended for suspension for “defiance” – a broad, subjective category that, under the California education code, meant a student “disrupted school activities or otherwise willfully defied the valid authority” of teachers, administrators and other school officials. Whitaker later learned the girl hummed to regulate her ADHD.

Years later, in 2021, Whitaker found himself in a similar situation. He had since become the senior policy counsel for the ACLU of Southern California, and was asked by a Black family to intervene at a different school where their young relative had been disciplined for drumming at his desk. “The [school’s] initial response was still punitive,” Whitaker said. “With some conversations, we were able to redirect.” By then, Whitaker could point to examples that showed officials didn’t need to resort to punishment when a student’s behavior appeared disruptive: several California districts, including Los Angeles Unified, had banned willful defiance suspensions. The school, he said, had a social worker who could talk to and support the student, who, in the end, avoided suspension.

At least 25 states and the District of Columbia allow schools to suspend students for “willful defiance”, according to the LawAtlas Project’s Policy Surveillance Portal. This week, California became the first state in the US to ban such suspensions for all students, expanding a pre-existing ban on the disciplinary practice for students in grades kindergarten through eighth grade. The new law, signed by the governor, Gavin Newsom, last Sunday, could represent a model for how other states approach reforming disciplinary practices, which disproportionately affect Black and Latino students, as well as those with disabilities and those from low-income backgrounds.

https://www.theguardian.com/education/2023/oct/14/california-gavin-newsom-student-suspensions-willful-defiance

Seems like a very broad charge, for one thing. I mean, define "willful defiance" for starters.