Otherwise you are simply postponing environmental collapse and doing nothing to reverse the damage already done by fossil fuels. Taxes merely create another institutional dependency on the continued use of fossil fuels.

It would be much better to ban all further development of fossil fuel extraction. No more exploration, no new coal mines, no new oil and gas extraction wells. At the same time a society would have to restructure itself so that a low-energy, low consumption lifestyles became more desirable and attractive to people than the industrial high energy consumer lifestyle many people seek now.

Read a book, go for a walk, enjoy a mostly vegetarian diet, enjoy a twenty or thirty hour work week that comfortably pays all living expenses for you and your children, no more commuting by car to work or a big-box store, and the gradual dissolution of lower density car dependent "bedroom communities" either by conversion to higher density "walkable neighborhoods" or by recycling and restoration to natural landscapes and small agriculture.

Is that going to happen? Probably not until things get very ugly, and by then it may be too late.

This civilization may already be the cigarette smoker with the untreatable cancer, well past the point where taxing cigarettes would be of any benefit.

Furthermore, without very generous social programs fossil fuel taxes are highly regressive, pushing the poor deeper into poverty and isolating them, while being of little consequence to the wealthy.

... (or are just hoping it will drop out of sight before they start to feel guilty ...).