Gillum supports the replacement of the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement with the U.S. Department of Justice. He seeks to expand Medicaid to cover "...700,000 people, who right now don't have access to health care".[55] He supports the removal of Confederate monuments.[56] Gillum wants to raise the Florida corporate tax rate to 7.75 percent, up from the current 5.5 percent, which he said would generate $1 billion in revenue which would be used on education funding.[57]

Gillum supports a $15 minimum wage.[58] He is endorsed by Bernie Sanders and has received financial support from Tom Steyer and George Soros.[59][60] Gillum has called for the impeachment of Donald Trump.[61] Gillum accepts the scientific consensus on climate change, and has warned that climate change causes sea level rise with adverse effects for Florida.[62][63] He opposed the Trump administration's decision to withdraw from the Paris Agreement, and said that he would as Florida governor work with other states in a state-based climate alliance.[64]

Gillum opposes Florida's Stand-your-ground law.[58] Gillum is in favor of a 2018 ballot proposition, Amendment 4, to restore the voting rights of most individuals who have completed felony convictions (excluding individuals guilty of murder or sexual offenses).[65][58] Gillum said, "Floridians who have paid their debts deserve a second chance and they should have a voice in our state’s future. Our current system for rights restoration is a relic of Jim Crow that we should end for good."[66]